path: root/src/lib.rs

use std::{convert::TryFrom,
          fmt,
          io::{self, BufWriter, Error, Write},
          os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, RawFd},
          path::{Path, PathBuf},
          time::{Duration, Instant}};

trait IsMinusOne
{
    fn is_minus_one(&self) -> bool;
}

macro_rules! impl_is_minus_one {
    ($($t:ident)*) => ($(impl IsMinusOne for $t {
        fn is_minus_one(&self) -> bool {
            *self == -1
        }
    })*)
}

impl_is_minus_one! { i8 i16 i32 i64 isize }

/** Convenience syscall wrapper based on its namesake found in the sadly
private ``std::sys::unix`` library. */
fn cvt<T: IsMinusOne>(t: T) -> io::Result<T>
{
    if t.is_minus_one() {
        Err(Error::last_os_error())
    } else {
        Ok(t)
    }
}

/** Convenience syscall wrapper based on its namesake found in the sadly
private ``std::sys::unix`` library. */
fn cvt_r<T: IsMinusOne>(f: &mut dyn FnMut() -> T) -> io::Result<T>
{
    loop {
        match cvt((*f)()) {
            Err(ref e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => {},
            other => return other,
        }
    }
}

/** Wrappers for ``ioctl_console(2)`` functionality. */
pub mod ioctl
{
    use super::{cvt_r, Palette};
    use libc::ioctl;
    use std::{io, os::unix::io::AsRawFd};

    /* XXX: can we get these into ``libc``? */
    pub const KDGKBTYPE: libc::c_ulong = 0x4b33; /* kd.h */
    pub const GIO_CMAP: libc::c_ulong = 0x00004B70; /* kd.h */
    pub const PIO_CMAP: libc::c_ulong = 0x00004B71; /* kd.h */
    pub const KB_101: libc::c_char = 0x0002; /* kd.h */

    pub fn kdgkbtype<F: AsRawFd>(fd: &F) -> io::Result<libc::c_char>
    {
        let mut kb: libc::c_char = 0;

        let _ = cvt_r(&mut || unsafe {
            ioctl(fd.as_raw_fd(), KDGKBTYPE, &mut kb as *mut _)
        })?;

        Ok(kb)
    }

    pub fn pio_cmap<F: AsRawFd>(fd: &F, pal: &Palette) -> io::Result<()>
    {
        /* cvt_r because technically it can’t be ruled out that we hit EINTR. */
        cvt_r(&mut || {
            unsafe {
                ioctl(
                    fd.as_raw_fd(),
                    PIO_CMAP,
                    std::mem::transmute::<&Palette, *const libc::c_void>(&pal),
                )
            }
        })
        .map(|_| ())
    }

    pub fn gio_cmap<F: AsRawFd>(fd: &F) -> io::Result<Palette>
    {
        let mut pal = Palette::new();

        /* cvt_r because technically it can’t be ruled out that we hit EINTR. */
        cvt_r(&mut || {
            unsafe {
                ioctl(
                    fd.as_raw_fd(),
                    GIO_CMAP,
                    std::mem::transmute::<&mut Palette, *mut libc::c_void>(
                        &mut pal,
                    ),
                )
            }
        })
        .map(|_| ())?;
        Ok(pal)
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Fd(libc::c_int);

impl From<libc::c_int> for Fd
{
    fn from(fd: libc::c_int) -> Self { Self(fd) }
}

impl AsRawFd for Fd
{
    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd { self.0 }
}

impl fmt::Display for Fd
{
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result
    {
        write!(f, "Fd({})", self.0)
    }
}

const PALETTE_SIZE: usize = 16;
const PALETTE_BYTES: usize = PALETTE_SIZE * 3; /* 16 * sizeof(int) */

const RAW_COLEXPR_SIZE: usize = 6; /* e. g. 0xBADF00 */
pub type RawPalette = [u32; PALETTE_SIZE];

#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum Color
{
    Black(bool),
    Red(bool),
    Green(bool),
    Yellow(bool),
    Blue(bool),
    Magenta(bool),
    Cyan(bool),
    White(bool),
}

impl TryFrom<u8> for Color
{
    type Error = io::Error;

    fn try_from(val: u8) -> io::Result<Self>
    {
        match val {
            0x00 => Ok(Color::Black(false)),
            0x01 => Ok(Color::Red(false)),
            0x02 => Ok(Color::Green(false)),
            0x03 => Ok(Color::Yellow(false)),
            0x04 => Ok(Color::Blue(false)),
            0x05 => Ok(Color::Magenta(false)),
            0x06 => Ok(Color::Cyan(false)),
            0x07 => Ok(Color::White(false)),

            0x08 => Ok(Color::Black(true)),
            0x09 => Ok(Color::Red(true)),
            0x0a => Ok(Color::Green(true)),
            0x0b => Ok(Color::Yellow(true)),
            0x0c => Ok(Color::Blue(true)),
            0x0d => Ok(Color::Magenta(true)),
            0x0e => Ok(Color::Cyan(true)),
            0x0f => Ok(Color::White(true)),

            _ =>
                Err(io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::Other,
                    format!("invalid color value: {}", val),
                )),
        }
    }
} /* [impl TryFrom<u8> for Color] */

impl Color
{
    fn format_brightness(b: bool, s: &str) -> String
    {
        if b {
            "bright ".to_string() + s
        } else {
            s.to_string()
        }
    }
} /* [impl Color] */

impl fmt::Display for Color
{
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result
    {
        let c = match *self {
            Color::Black(b) => Color::format_brightness(b, "black"),
            Color::Red(b) => Color::format_brightness(b, "red"),
            Color::Green(b) => Color::format_brightness(b, "green"),
            Color::Yellow(b) => Color::format_brightness(b, "yellow"),
            Color::Blue(b) => Color::format_brightness(b, "blue"),
            Color::Magenta(b) => Color::format_brightness(b, "magenta"),
            Color::Cyan(b) => Color::format_brightness(b, "cyan"),
            Color::White(b) => Color::format_brightness(b, "white"),
        };

        write!(f, "{}", c)
    }
} /* [impl fmt::Display for Color] */

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct Builtin
{
    names:   &'static [&'static str],
    palette: &'static RawPalette,
}

/** Vanilla Linux colors. */
const DEFAULT_COLORS: RawPalette = [
    0x000000, 0xaa0000, 0x00aa00, 0xaa5500, 0x0000aa, 0xaa00aa, 0x00aaaa,
    0xaaaaaa, 0x555555, 0xff5555, 0x55ff55, 0xffff55, 0x5555ff, 0xff55ff,
    0x55ffff, 0xffffff,
];

/** The dark (default) version of the Solarized scheme. */
const SOLARIZED_COLORS_DARK: RawPalette = [
    0x002b36, 0xdc322f, 0x859900, 0xb58900, 0x268bd2, 0xd33682, 0x2aa198,
    0xeee8d5, 0x002b36, 0xcb4b16, 0x586e75, 0x657b83, 0x839496, 0x6c71c4,
    0x93a1a1, 0xfdf6e3,
];

/** The light version of the Solarized theme. */
const SOLARIZED_COLORS_LIGHT: RawPalette = [
    0xeee8d5, 0xdc322f, 0x859900, 0xb58900, 0x268bd2, 0xd33682, 0x2aa198,
    0x073642, 0xfdf6e3, 0xcb4b16, 0x93a1a1, 0x839496, 0x657b83, 0x6c71c4,
    0x586e75, 0x002b36,
];

/** Bright green monochrome terminal. */
const MONOCHROME_PHOSPHOR: RawPalette = [
    0x000000, 0x68fc68, 0x68fc68, 0x68fc68, 0x68fc68, 0x68fc68, 0x68fc68,
    0x68fc68, 0x68fc68, 0x68fc68, 0x68fc68, 0x68fc68, 0x68fc68, 0x68fc68,
    0x68fc68, 0x68fc68,
];

const DUMMY_COLORS: RawPalette = [
    0x000000, 0xffffff, 0x000000, 0xffffff, 0x000000, 0xffffff, 0x000000,
    0xffffff, 0x000000, 0xffffff, 0x000000, 0xffffff, 0x000000, 0xffffff,
    0x000000, 0xffffff,
];

pub const BUILTIN_SCHEMES: &[Builtin] = &[
    Builtin::solarized(),
    Builtin::solarized_light(),
    Builtin::default(),
    Builtin::phosphor(),
];

impl Builtin
{
    pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str { self.names.iter().next().unwrap() }

    pub fn palette(&self) -> &RawPalette { self.palette }

    const fn solarized() -> Self
    {
        Self {
            names:   &["solarized", "solarized_dark", "sd"],
            palette: &SOLARIZED_COLORS_DARK,
        }
    }

    const fn solarized_light() -> Self
    {
        Self {
            names:   &["solarized_light", "sl"],
            palette: &SOLARIZED_COLORS_LIGHT,
        }
    }

    const fn default() -> Self
    {
        Self {
            names:   &["default", "normal", "linux"],
            palette: &DEFAULT_COLORS,
        }
    }

    const fn phosphor() -> Self
    {
        Self { names: &["phosphor", "matrix"], palette: &MONOCHROME_PHOSPHOR }
    }
}

impl TryFrom<&str> for Builtin
{
    type Error = io::Error;

    fn try_from(name: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>
    {
        for b in BUILTIN_SCHEMES {
            if b.names.contains(&name) {
                return Ok(b.clone());
            }
        }

        Err(io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::Other,
            format!("no such builtin scheme: {}", name),
        ))
    }
}

impl<'a> fmt::Display for Builtin
{
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result
    {
        write!(f, "{}", self.name())
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum Scheme
{
    /** One of the predefined schemes. */
    Builtin(Builtin),
    /** Custom ``Palette``. */
    Palette(Palette),
    /** Load from file. */
    Custom(Option<PathBuf>),
}

impl fmt::Display for Scheme
{
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result
    {
        match self {
            Self::Builtin(b) => write!(f, "{}", b),
            Self::Custom(None) => write!(f, "<read stdin>"),
            Self::Custom(Some(fname)) => write!(f, "{}", fname.display()),
            Self::Palette(pal) => write!(f, "palette: {}", pal),
        }
    }
} /* [impl fmt::String for Scheme] */

impl Scheme
{
    pub fn from_stdin() -> Self { Self::Custom(None) }

    pub fn from_path<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P) -> Self
    {
        Self::Custom(Some(path.as_ref().into()))
    }
} /* [impl Scheme] */

/** Try to select one of the predefined schemes; if that fails,
interpret the argument as a path. */
impl From<&str> for Scheme
{
    fn from(name: &str) -> Scheme
    {
        Builtin::try_from(name)
            .map(Self::Builtin)
            .unwrap_or_else(|_| Self::from_path(name))
    }
}

/** Try to match the palette against one of the predefined schemes. */
impl From<Palette> for Scheme
{
    fn from(pal: Palette) -> Scheme
    {
        if pal == Palette::from(&DEFAULT_COLORS) {
            return Self::Builtin(Builtin::default());
        }
        if pal == Palette::from(&SOLARIZED_COLORS_DARK) {
            return Self::Builtin(Builtin::solarized());
        }
        if pal == Palette::from(&SOLARIZED_COLORS_LIGHT) {
            return Self::Builtin(Builtin::solarized_light());
        }
        if pal == Palette::from(&MONOCHROME_PHOSPHOR) {
            return Self::Builtin(Builtin::phosphor());
        }

        Self::Palette(pal)
    }
}

#[inline]
fn nibble_of_char(chr: u8) -> io::Result<u8>
{
    match chr {
        b'0'..=b'9' => Ok(chr - b'0'),
        b'a'..=b'f' => Ok(chr - b'a' + 10),
        b'A'..=b'F' => Ok(chr - b'A' + 10),
        _ =>
            Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::Other,
                format!("junk input ‘{}’ does not represent a hex digit", chr,),
            )),
    }
}

macro_rules! byte_of_hex {
    ($ar:ident, $off:expr) => {
        (nibble_of_char($ar[$off])? << 4 | nibble_of_char($ar[$off + 1])?) as u8
    };
}

struct Rgb(u8, u8, u8);

impl Rgb
{
    fn r(&self) -> u8 { self.0 }

    fn g(&self) -> u8 { self.1 }

    fn b(&self) -> u8 { self.2 }
}

impl TryFrom<&[u8; 6]> for Rgb
{
    type Error = io::Error;

    fn try_from(hex: &[u8; RAW_COLEXPR_SIZE]) -> io::Result<Self>
    {
        let r: u8 = byte_of_hex!(hex, 0);
        let g: u8 = byte_of_hex!(hex, 2);
        let b: u8 = byte_of_hex!(hex, 4);

        Ok(Self(r, g, b))
    }
}

impl From<u32> for Rgb
{
    fn from(rgb: u32) -> Self
    {
        let b: u8 = (rgb & 0xff) as u8;
        let g: u8 = ((rgb >> 8) & 0xff) as u8;
        let r: u8 = ((rgb >> 16) & 0xff) as u8;

        Self(r, g, b)
    }
}

#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
pub struct Palette([u8; PALETTE_BYTES]);

impl Palette
{
    /** Construct an all-zero ``Palette``. */
    pub fn new() -> Self { Self([0u8; PALETTE_BYTES]) }

    pub fn dummy() -> Self { Self::from(&DUMMY_COLORS) }

    pub fn from_buffered_reader(
        reader: &mut dyn std::io::BufRead,
    ) -> io::Result<Self>
    {
        let mut pal_idx: usize = 0;
        let mut pal: [u8; PALETTE_BYTES] = [0; PALETTE_BYTES];
        let mut line: String = String::new();

        let mut col: [u8; RAW_COLEXPR_SIZE] = [0; RAW_COLEXPR_SIZE];
        while reader.read_line(&mut line).is_ok() {
            let len = line.len();
            if len == 0 {
                break;
            } else if len >= 8 {
                if let Some(off) = line.find('#') {
                    if off != 0 {
                        /* Palette index specified, number prepended */
                        let parse_res: Result<usize, _> =
                            std::str::FromStr::from_str(&line[0..off]);
                        if let Ok(new_idx) = parse_res {
                            if new_idx < PALETTE_SIZE {
                                pal_idx = new_idx * 3;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    let off = off + 1;
                    if off > len - 6 {
                        /* no room left for color definition after '#' char */
                        return Err(io::Error::new(
                            io::ErrorKind::Other,
                            format!("invalid color definition: {}", line),
                        ));
                    }

                    col.copy_from_slice(
                        &line.as_bytes()[off..(off + RAW_COLEXPR_SIZE)],
                    );

                    let rgb = Rgb::try_from(&col)?;
                    pal[pal_idx] = rgb.r();
                    pal[pal_idx + 1] = rgb.g();
                    pal[pal_idx + 2] = rgb.b();
                    pal_idx = (pal_idx + 3) % PALETTE_BYTES;
                }
            }
            line.truncate(0);
        }

        Ok(Self(pal))
    }

    #[allow(rustdoc::invalid_rust_codeblocks)]
    /** Print palette in a text format that can be re-read back in.
    Basically we print one hex rgb code per line prefixed with color
    indices and the canonical names on the right:

        00  #002B36  black
        01  #DC322F  red
        02  #859900  green
        03  #B58900  yellow
        04  #268BD2  blue
        …
    */
    pub fn dump(&self, out: &mut BufWriter<io::Stdout>) -> io::Result<()>
    {
        let mut buf: [u8; 3] = [0u8, 0u8, 0u8];
        for (i, col) in self.0.iter().enumerate() {
            let idx: usize = i % 3;
            buf[idx] = *col;
            if idx == 2 {
                let col = Color::try_from((i / 3) as u8)?;
                out.write_all(
                    format!(
                        "{:02}  #{:02.X}{:02.X}{:02.X}  {}\n",
                        i / 3,
                        buf[0],
                        buf[1],
                        buf[2],
                        col,
                    )
                    .as_bytes(),
                )?;
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn from_file(fname: &Path) -> io::Result<Self>
    {
        let file = std::fs::File::open(&fname).map_err(|e| {
            io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::Other,
                format!(
                    "failed to open palette specification {}: {}",
                    fname.display(),
                    e
                ),
            )
        })?;
        let mut reader = std::io::BufReader::new(file);

        Self::from_buffered_reader(&mut reader)
    }

    /* [Palette::from_file] */

    pub fn from_stdin() -> io::Result<Self>
    {
        let mut reader = std::io::BufReader::new(std::io::stdin());

        /* Parse scheme file
         */
        Self::from_buffered_reader(&mut reader)
    }

    fn from_bytes(b: &[u8]) -> io::Result<Self>
    {
        if b.len() != PALETTE_SIZE * 3 {
            return Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::Other,
                format!(
                    "expected {} B of data, got {}",
                    PALETTE_SIZE * 3,
                    b.len()
                ),
            ));
        }

        let mut res = Self::new();
        res.0.copy_from_slice(&b);

        Ok(res)
    }

    /* [Palette::from_stdin] */

    pub fn base64(&self) -> String { base64::encode(&self.0) }

    pub fn from_base64(b64: &str) -> io::Result<Self>
    {
        base64::decode(b64.as_bytes())
            .map_err(|e| {
                io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::Other,
                    format!("failed to decode input as base64: {}", e),
                )
            })
            .and_then(|b| Self::from_bytes(&b))
    }
} /* [impl Palette] */

impl fmt::Display for Palette
{
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result
    {
        let mut i = 0;
        while i < PALETTE_BYTES {
            let _ = write!(f, "{}", if i == 0 { "(" } else { "\n " });
            let r = self.0[i];
            let g = self.0[i + 1];
            let b = self.0[i + 2];
            let _ = write!(
                f,
                "((r 0x{:02.X}) (g 0x{:02.X}) (b 0x{:02.x}))",
                r, g, b
            );
            i += 3;
        }
        writeln!(f, ")")
    }
} /* [impl fmt::Display for Palette] */

impl fmt::Debug for Palette
{
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result
    {
        let mut i: u8 = 0_u8;
        while (i as usize) < PALETTE_BYTES {
            let r = self.0[i as usize];
            let g = self.0[i as usize + 1];
            let b = self.0[i as usize + 2];
            let col = Color::try_from((i / 3) as u8)
                .map(|c| format!("{}", c))
                .unwrap_or_else(|_| "??".into());
            let _ = writeln!(f, "{} => 0x{:02.X}{:02.X}{:02.X}", col, r, g, b);
            i += 3_u8;
        }
        std::result::Result::Ok(())
    }
} /* [impl fmt::Debug for Palette] */

/** Obtain a ``Palette`` from a ``Scheme``. */
impl TryFrom<&Scheme> for Palette
{
    type Error = io::Error;

    fn try_from(scm: &Scheme) -> io::Result<Self>
    {
        match scm {
            Scheme::Builtin(Builtin { palette, .. }) =>
                Ok(Self::from(*palette)),
            Scheme::Custom(None) => Self::from_stdin(),
            Scheme::Custom(Some(ref fname)) => Self::from_file(fname),
            Scheme::Palette(pal) => Ok(pal.clone()),
        }
    }
}

/** Obtain a ``Palette`` from a ``RawPalette``. */
impl From<&RawPalette> for Palette
{
    fn from(colors: &RawPalette) -> Self
    {
        let mut idx: usize = 0;
        let mut pal: [u8; PALETTE_BYTES] = [0; PALETTE_BYTES];

        for &def in colors.iter() {
            let rgb = Rgb::from(def);
            pal[idx] = rgb.r();
            pal[idx + 1] = rgb.g();
            pal[idx + 2] = rgb.b();
            //println!(">> {} -> {:X} {:X} {:X}", def, r, g, b);
            idx += 3;
        }

        Self(pal)
    }
}

const CONSOLE_PATHS: [&str; 6] = [
    "/proc/self/fd/0",
    "/dev/tty",
    "/dev/tty0",
    "/dev/vc/0",
    "/dev/systty",
    "/dev/console",
];

const CONTROL_CLEAR: &[u8] = b"\x1b[2J";
const CONTROL_CURSOR: &[u8] = b"\x1b[1;1H";

pub struct Console(libc::c_int);

impl Console
{
    fn from_fd(fd: libc::c_int) -> io::Result<Self>
    {
        if unsafe { libc::isatty(fd) } == 0 {
            return Err(Error::last_os_error());
        }

        let fd = Self(fd);

        /* Sanity check. */
        if ioctl::kdgkbtype(&fd)? != ioctl::KB_101 {
            return Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::Other,
                format!(
                    "console {} exhibiting weird behavior; bailing out",
                    fd
                ),
            ));
        }

        Ok(fd)
    }

    fn from_path<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P) -> io::Result<Self>
    {
        let p =
            std::ffi::CString::new(path.as_ref().to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
        let fd = cvt_r(&mut || unsafe {
            libc::open(p.as_ptr(), libc::O_RDWR | libc::O_NOCTTY, 0)
        })?;
        Self::from_fd(fd)
    }

    /** Try and obtain a handle referring to the console we’re running in. */
    pub fn current() -> io::Result<Self>
    {
        for path in CONSOLE_PATHS.iter() {
            let path = std::path::Path::new(path);
            if let Ok(con) = Self::from_path(path) {
                return Ok(con);
            }
        }

        Err(io::Error::new(
            io::ErrorKind::Other,
            format!("could not retrieve fd for any of the search paths"),
        ))
    }

    fn write(&self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()>
    {
        let len = buf.len() as libc::size_t;

        if cvt_r(&mut || unsafe {
            libc::write(self.0, buf.as_ptr() as *const libc::c_void, len)
        })? != len as isize
        {
            Err(Error::last_os_error())
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    pub fn clear(&self) -> io::Result<()>
    {
        self.write(CONTROL_CLEAR)?;
        self.write(CONTROL_CURSOR)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /** Read the current palette. */
    #[inline]
    pub fn current_palette(&self) -> io::Result<Palette>
    {
        ioctl::gio_cmap(&self.as_raw_fd())
    }

    /** Tell the kernel to use the specified palette on the console. */
    #[inline]
    pub fn apply_palette(&self, pal: &Palette) -> io::Result<()>
    {
        ioctl::pio_cmap(&self.as_raw_fd(), pal)
    }

    /** Read the current palette and determine the scheme. */
    #[inline]
    pub fn current_scheme(&self) -> io::Result<Scheme>
    {
        Ok(Scheme::from(self.current_palette()?))
    }

    /** Convert ``scm`` into a ``Palette`` and tell the kernel to use it. */
    #[inline]
    pub fn apply_scheme(&self, scm: &Scheme) -> io::Result<()>
    {
        self.apply_palette(&Palette::try_from(scm)?)
    }
}

impl AsRawFd for Console
{
    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd { self.0 }
}

impl fmt::Display for Console
{
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result
    {
        write!(f, "Console(fd={})", self.0)
    }
}

/* Use doubles for fractional scaling. */
struct FadePalette([f64; PALETTE_SIZE * 3]);

impl FadePalette
{
    fn new() -> Self { Self([0f64; PALETTE_SIZE * 3]) }

    /** Linear interpolation between self and ``goal``.

    We scale each byte individually so there can be a maximum
    of 256 interpolation steps.
    */
    fn towards(&self, goal: &FadePalette, progress: f64) -> FadePalette
    {
        let mut res = FadePalette::new();

        for (i, (a, b)) in self.0.iter().zip(goal.0.iter()).enumerate() {
            res.0[i] = a + (b - a) * progress;
        }

        res
    }
}

impl From<&Palette> for FadePalette
{
    fn from(pal: &Palette) -> Self
    {
        let mut fpal = Self::new();
        pal.0.iter().enumerate().for_each(|(i, &b)| {
            fpal.0[i] = b as f64;
        });
        fpal
    }
}

impl From<&FadePalette> for Palette
{
    fn from(fpal: &FadePalette) -> Self
    {
        let mut pal = Self::new();
        fpal.0.iter().enumerate().for_each(|(i, &b)| {
            let b = if b < 0f64 {
                0
            } else if 256f64 <= b {
                255
            } else {
                b.round() as u8
            };
            pal.0[i] = b;
        });
        pal
    }
}

pub struct Fade
{
    from:     Palette,
    to:       Palette,
    hz:       u8,
    duration: Duration,
    clear:    bool,
}

impl Fade
{
    pub fn new(
        from: Palette,
        to: Palette,
        duration: Duration,
        hz: u8,
        clear: bool,
    ) -> Self
    {
        let hz = if hz == 0 { 1 } else { hz };
        Self { from, to, hz, duration, clear }
    }

    pub fn commence(self, con: &Console) -> io::Result<()>
    {
        let Self { from, to, hz, duration, clear } = self;
        con.apply_palette(&from)?;

        let fade = FadePalette::from(&con.current_palette()?);
        let fade_to = FadePalette::from(&to);
        let t_0 = Instant::now();
        let tick = Duration::from_millis(1_000u64 / hz as u64);
        let iters = (duration.as_millis() / tick.as_millis()) as u32;

        let mut i = 0;
        while i < iters {
            i += 1;
            let progress = f64::from(i) / f64::from(iters);
            let pal = Palette::from(&fade.towards(&fade_to, progress));
            con.apply_palette(&pal)?;
            if clear {
                con.clear()?;
            }
            let next = i * tick;
            std::thread::sleep(next.saturating_sub(t_0.elapsed()));
        }

        Ok(())
    }
}