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authorHans Hagen <pragma@wxs.nl>2019-05-29 21:10:47 +0200
committerContext Git Mirror Bot <phg@phi-gamma.net>2019-05-29 21:10:47 +0200
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-% language=uk
-
-\startcomponent fonts-introduction
-
-\environment fonts-environment
-
-\startchapter[title=Introduction][color=darkgray]
-
-You sit in a cave and wonder how to keep track of your winter stock. While
-playing with some burned wood you end up with vertical strokes on the wall
-representing how much you have in store.
-
-You walk through the woods and wonder how to find your way back. Suddenly it
-strikes you that you can put markers on trees. Years from that moment the whole
-forest is marked with routes. Different symbols carry different meanings.
-
-The next thing you want to do is to carry around information and pass it onto
-following generations. So, you turn those symbols into shapes that make up the
-scripts that can be used to express your languages in.
-
-For ages scripts have evolved and the rendering of them on stone or wood and
-later paper has resulted in a multitude of coherent collections of so called
-glyphs. Manual labour turned into (semi) automated mass production and once that
-took off, developments went fast. But the quality was still somewhat dubious,
-especially when for instance specialized scripts like math had to be dealt with.
-
-Some 30 years ago Don Knuth wrote a book, and in the process invented the \TEX\
-typesetting system, the graphical language \METAFONT\ and a bunch of fonts. He
-made it open and free of charge. He was well aware that the new ideas were built
-on older ones that had evolved from common sense: how to keep track of things on
-paper.
-
-It is no surprise that an active community formed around these goodies. First of
-all the system has no strings attached: the licence is generous and there are no
-patents involved. There is also a network of user groups that takes care of
-coordinated updates to the whole machinery. Of course it helps that it all
-relates to Don Knuth.
-
-Since \TEX\ showed up several open and closed source typesetting systems have
-surfaced and only some of them survived. Also regular word processing has become
-more clever and still become better. The \TEX\ typesetting system also moved on.
-Some of its ideas have been used in other programs and some of the ideas of other
-programs made their way into \TEX. However, its main property is still there: you
-can tweak and tune it to your needs and are not hampered by too many limitations.
-
-Don Knuth had this chicken or egg problem: once you can typeset a source you need
-fonts but you can only make fonts if you can use them in a typesetting program.
-As a result \TEX\ came with its own fonts and it has special ways to deal with
-them. Given the limitations of that time \TEX\ puts some limitations on fonts and
-also expects them to have certain properties, something that is most noticeable
-in math fonts.
-
-Rather soon from the start it has been possible to use third party fonts in \TEX,
-for instance \TYPEONE. As \TEX\ only needs some information about the shapes, it
-was the backend that integrated the font resources in the final document. One of
-its descendants, \PDFTEX, had this backend built in and could do some more clever
-things with fonts in the typesetting process, like protrusion and expansion. The
-integration of front- and backend made live much easier. Another descendant,
-\XETEX\ made it possible to move on to the often large \OPENTYPE\ fonts. On the
-one hand this made live even more easy but at the other end it introduced users
-to the characteristics of such fonts and making the right choices, i.e.\ not fall
-in the trap of too fancy font usage.
-
-In this manual we will look at fonts from the perspective of yet another
-descendant, \LUATEX. It inherits the font technology from traditional \TEX, but
-also extends it so that we can deal with modern font technologies. Of course it
-offers much more, but in practice much relates to fonts one way or the other.
-
-Of course this exploration will be from the perspective of the \CONTEXT\ macro
-package but this is not a manual about how to use fonts in \CONTEXT\ as we have
-another manual for that. Much of what we say here applies to the generic font
-code as well, although some more advanced control is \CONTEXT\ specific. There is
-nothing real new here, and it all evolved from common sense and dealing with
-\TEX\ for many years. The perspective is mostly that of being a user myself so
-don't complain too loudly if things look complicated and unclear.
-
-There is some overlap between the chapters. This is because each chapter is
-written from another perspective and this document quite certainly will not be
-read as a whole but more by looking at examples.
-
-\startnotabene
- This document will probably have an \quote {still under construction} state
- for a long time. The functionality discussed here will stay and more might
- show up. Of course there are errors, and they're all mine.
-\stopnotabene
-
-\startlines
-Hans Hagen
-PRAGMA ADE, Hasselt NL
-Summer 2011 \endash\ Spring 2016
-\stoplines
-
-\stopchapter
-
-\stopcomponent