summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/tex/context/base/char-ini.lua
blob: b75f5eda758c0c4e6822fb506ba1b8498dc5066d (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
if not modules then modules = { } end modules ['char-ini'] = {
    version   = 1.001,
    comment   = "companion to char-ini.mkiv",
    author    = "Hans Hagen, PRAGMA-ADE, Hasselt NL",
    copyright = "PRAGMA ADE / ConTeXt Development Team",
    license   = "see context related readme files"
}

-- todo: make two files, one for format generation, one for format use

-- we can remove the tag range starting at 0xE0000 (special applications)

local utfchar, utfbyte, utfvalues, ustring = utf.char, utf.byte, utf.values, utf.ustring
local concat, unpack, tohash = table.concat, table.unpack, table.tohash
local next, tonumber, type, rawget, rawset = next, tonumber, type, rawget, rawset
local format, lower, gsub, match, gmatch = string.format, string.lower, string.gsub, string.match, string.match, string.gmatch
local P, R, Cs, lpegmatch, patterns = lpeg.P, lpeg.R, lpeg.Cs, lpeg.match, lpeg.patterns

local utf8byte          = patterns.utf8byte
local utf8char          = patterns.utf8char

local allocate          = utilities.storage.allocate
local mark              = utilities.storage.mark

local setmetatableindex = table.setmetatableindex

local trace_defining    = false  trackers.register("characters.defining", function(v) characters_defining = v end)

local report_defining   = logs.reporter("characters")

--[[ldx--
<p>This module implements some methods and creates additional datastructured
from the big character table that we use for all kind of purposes:
<type>char-def.lua</type>.</p>

<p>We assume that at this point <type>characters.data</type> is already
loaded!</p>
--ldx]]--

characters       = characters or { }
local characters = characters
local data       = characters.data

if data then
    mark(data) -- why does this fail
else
    report_defining("fatal error: 'char-def.lua' is not loaded")
    os.exit()
end

--[[ldx--
<p>This converts a string (if given) into a number.</p>
--ldx]]--

local pattern = (P("0x") + P("U+")) * ((R("09","AF")^1 * P(-1)) / function(s) return tonumber(s,16) end)

patterns.chartonumber = pattern

local function chartonumber(k)
    if type(k) == "string" then
        local u = lpegmatch(pattern,k)
        if u then
            return utfbyte(u)
        else
            return utfbyte(k) or 0
        end
    else
        return k or 0
    end
end

local function charfromnumber(k)
    if type(k) == "number" then
        return utfchar(k) or ""
    else
        local u = lpegmatch(pattern,k)
        if u then
            return utfchar(u)
        else
            return k
        end
    end
end

--~ print(chartonumber(97), chartonumber("a"), chartonumber("0x61"), chartonumber("U+61"))

characters.tonumber   = chartonumber
characters.fromnumber = charfromnumber

local private = {
    description = "PRIVATE SLOT",
}

local ranges      = allocate()
characters.ranges = ranges

setmetatableindex(data, function(t,k)
    local tk = type(k)
    if tk == "string" then
        k = lpegmatch(pattern,k) or utfbyte(k)
        if k then
            local v = rawget(t,k)
            if v then
                return v
            else
                tk = "number" -- fall through to range
            end
        else
            return private
        end
    end
    if tk == "number" and k < 0xF0000 then
        for r=1,#ranges do
            local rr = ranges[r]
            if k >= rr.first and k <= rr.last then
                local extender = rr.extender
                if extender then
                    local v = extender(k,v)
                    t[k] = v
                    return v
                end
            end
        end
    end
    return private -- handy for when we loop over characters in fonts and check for a property
end)

local blocks = allocate {
    ["aegeannumbers"]                              = { first = 0x10100, last = 0x1013F,             description = "Aegean Numbers" },
    ["alchemicalsymbols"]                          = { first = 0x1F700, last = 0x1F77F,             description = "Alchemical Symbols" },
    ["alphabeticpresentationforms"]                = { first = 0x0FB00, last = 0x0FB4F, otf="latn", description = "Alphabetic Presentation Forms" },
    ["ancientgreekmusicalnotation"]                = { first = 0x1D200, last = 0x1D24F, otf="grek", description = "Ancient Greek Musical Notation" },
    ["ancientgreeknumbers"]                        = { first = 0x10140, last = 0x1018F, otf="grek", description = "Ancient Greek Numbers" },
    ["ancientsymbols"]                             = { first = 0x10190, last = 0x101CF, otf="grek", description = "Ancient Symbols" },
    ["arabic"]                                     = { first = 0x00600, last = 0x006FF, otf="arab", description = "Arabic" },
    ["arabicextendeda"]                            = { first = 0x008A0, last = 0x008FF,             description = "Arabic Extended-A" },
    ["arabicmathematicalalphabeticsymbols"]        = { first = 0x1EE00, last = 0x1EEFF,             description = "Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols" },
    ["arabicpresentationformsa"]                   = { first = 0x0FB50, last = 0x0FDFF, otf="arab", description = "Arabic Presentation Forms-A" },
    ["arabicpresentationformsb"]                   = { first = 0x0FE70, last = 0x0FEFF, otf="arab", description = "Arabic Presentation Forms-B" },
    ["arabicsupplement"]                           = { first = 0x00750, last = 0x0077F, otf="arab", description = "Arabic Supplement" },
    ["armenian"]                                   = { first = 0x00530, last = 0x0058F, otf="armn", description = "Armenian" },
    ["arrows"]                                     = { first = 0x02190, last = 0x021FF,             description = "Arrows" },
    ["avestan"]                                    = { first = 0x10B00, last = 0x10B3F,             description = "Avestan" },
    ["balinese"]                                   = { first = 0x01B00, last = 0x01B7F, otf="bali", description = "Balinese" },
    ["bamum"]                                      = { first = 0x0A6A0, last = 0x0A6FF,             description = "Bamum" },
    ["bamumsupplement"]                            = { first = 0x16800, last = 0x16A3F,             description = "Bamum Supplement" },
    ["basiclatin"]                                 = { first = 0x00000, last = 0x0007F, otf="latn", description = "Basic Latin" },
    ["batak"]                                      = { first = 0x01BC0, last = 0x01BFF,             description = "Batak" },
    ["bengali"]                                    = { first = 0x00980, last = 0x009FF, otf="beng", description = "Bengali" },
    ["blockelements"]                              = { first = 0x02580, last = 0x0259F, otf="bopo", description = "Block Elements" },
    ["bopomofo"]                                   = { first = 0x03100, last = 0x0312F, otf="bopo", description = "Bopomofo" },
    ["bopomofoextended"]                           = { first = 0x031A0, last = 0x031BF, otf="bopo", description = "Bopomofo Extended" },
    ["boxdrawing"]                                 = { first = 0x02500, last = 0x0257F,             description = "Box Drawing" },
    ["brahmi"]                                     = { first = 0x11000, last = 0x1107F,             description = "Brahmi" },
    ["braillepatterns"]                            = { first = 0x02800, last = 0x028FF, otf="brai", description = "Braille Patterns" },
    ["buginese"]                                   = { first = 0x01A00, last = 0x01A1F, otf="bugi", description = "Buginese" },
    ["buhid"]                                      = { first = 0x01740, last = 0x0175F, otf="buhd", description = "Buhid" },
    ["byzantinemusicalsymbols"]                    = { first = 0x1D000, last = 0x1D0FF, otf="byzm", description = "Byzantine Musical Symbols" },
    ["commonindicnumberforms"]                     = { first = 0x0A830, last = 0x0A83F,             description = "Common Indic Number Forms" },
    ["carian"]                                     = { first = 0x102A0, last = 0x102DF,             description = "Carian" },
    ["cham"]                                       = { first = 0x0AA00, last = 0x0AA5F,             description = "Cham" },
    ["cherokee"]                                   = { first = 0x013A0, last = 0x013FF, otf="cher", description = "Cherokee" },
    ["cjkcompatibility"]                           = { first = 0x03300, last = 0x033FF, otf="hang", description = "CJK Compatibility" },
    ["cjkcompatibilityforms"]                      = { first = 0x0FE30, last = 0x0FE4F, otf="hang", description = "CJK Compatibility Forms" },
    ["cjkcompatibilityideographs"]                 = { first = 0x0F900, last = 0x0FAFF, otf="hang", description = "CJK Compatibility Ideographs" },
    ["cjkcompatibilityideographssupplement"]       = { first = 0x2F800, last = 0x2FA1F, otf="hang", description = "CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement" },
    ["cjkradicalssupplement"]                      = { first = 0x02E80, last = 0x02EFF, otf="hang", description = "CJK Radicals Supplement" },
    ["cjkstrokes"]                                 = { first = 0x031C0, last = 0x031EF, otf="hang", description = "CJK Strokes" },
    ["cjksymbolsandpunctuation"]                   = { first = 0x03000, last = 0x0303F, otf="hang", description = "CJK Symbols and Punctuation" },
    ["cjkunifiedideographs"]                       = { first = 0x04E00, last = 0x09FFF, otf="hang", description = "CJK Unified Ideographs" },
    ["cjkunifiedideographsextensiona"]             = { first = 0x03400, last = 0x04DBF, otf="hang", description = "CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A" },
    ["cjkunifiedideographsextensionb"]             = { first = 0x20000, last = 0x2A6DF, otf="hang", description = "CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B" },
    ["combiningdiacriticalmarks"]                  = { first = 0x00300, last = 0x0036F,             description = "Combining Diacritical Marks" },
    ["combiningdiacriticalmarksforsymbols"]        = { first = 0x020D0, last = 0x020FF,             description = "Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols" },
    ["combiningdiacriticalmarkssupplement"]        = { first = 0x01DC0, last = 0x01DFF,             description = "Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement" },
    ["combininghalfmarks"]                         = { first = 0x0FE20, last = 0x0FE2F,             description = "Combining Half Marks" },
    ["controlpictures"]                            = { first = 0x02400, last = 0x0243F,             description = "Control Pictures" },
    ["coptic"]                                     = { first = 0x02C80, last = 0x02CFF, otf="copt", description = "Coptic" },
    ["countingrodnumerals"]                        = { first = 0x1D360, last = 0x1D37F,             description = "Counting Rod Numerals" },
    ["cuneiform"]                                  = { first = 0x12000, last = 0x123FF, otf="xsux", description = "Cuneiform" },
    ["cuneiformnumbersandpunctuation"]             = { first = 0x12400, last = 0x1247F, otf="xsux", description = "Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation" },
    ["currencysymbols"]                            = { first = 0x020A0, last = 0x020CF,             description = "Currency Symbols" },
    ["cypriotsyllabary"]                           = { first = 0x10800, last = 0x1083F, otf="cprt", description = "Cypriot Syllabary" },
    ["cyrillic"]                                   = { first = 0x00400, last = 0x004FF, otf="cyrl", description = "Cyrillic" },
    ["cyrillicextendeda"]                          = { first = 0x02DE0, last = 0x02DFF, otf="cyrl", description = "Cyrillic Extended-A" },
    ["cyrillicextendedb"]                          = { first = 0x0A640, last = 0x0A69F, otf="cyrl", description = "Cyrillic Extended-B" },
    ["cyrillicsupplement"]                         = { first = 0x00500, last = 0x0052F, otf="cyrl", description = "Cyrillic Supplement" },
    ["deseret"]                                    = { first = 0x10400, last = 0x1044F, otf="dsrt", description = "Deseret" },
    ["devanagari"]                                 = { first = 0x00900, last = 0x0097F, otf="deva", description = "Devanagari" },
    ["devanagariextended"]                         = { first = 0x0A8E0, last = 0x0A8FF,             description = "Devanagari Extended" },
    ["dingbats"]                                   = { first = 0x02700, last = 0x027BF,             description = "Dingbats" },
    ["dominotiles"]                                = { first = 0x1F030, last = 0x1F09F,             description = "Domino Tiles" },
    ["egyptianhieroglyphs"]                        = { first = 0x13000, last = 0x1342F,             description = "Egyptian Hieroglyphs" },
    ["emoticons"]                                  = { first = 0x1F600, last = 0x1F64F,             description = "Emoticons" },
    ["enclosedalphanumericsupplement"]             = { first = 0x1F100, last = 0x1F1FF,             description = "Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement" },
    ["enclosedalphanumerics"]                      = { first = 0x02460, last = 0x024FF,             description = "Enclosed Alphanumerics" },
    ["enclosedcjklettersandmonths"]                = { first = 0x03200, last = 0x032FF,             description = "Enclosed CJK Letters and Months" },
    ["enclosedideographicsupplement"]              = { first = 0x1F200, last = 0x1F2FF,             description = "Enclosed Ideographic Supplement" },
    ["ethiopic"]                                   = { first = 0x01200, last = 0x0137F, otf="ethi", description = "Ethiopic" },
    ["ethiopicextended"]                           = { first = 0x02D80, last = 0x02DDF, otf="ethi", description = "Ethiopic Extended" },
    ["ethiopicextendeda"]                          = { first = 0x0AB00, last = 0x0AB2F,             description = "Ethiopic Extended-A" },
    ["ethiopicsupplement"]                         = { first = 0x01380, last = 0x0139F, otf="ethi", description = "Ethiopic Supplement" },
    ["generalpunctuation"]                         = { first = 0x02000, last = 0x0206F,             description = "General Punctuation" },
    ["geometricshapes"]                            = { first = 0x025A0, last = 0x025FF,             description = "Geometric Shapes" },
    ["georgian"]                                   = { first = 0x010A0, last = 0x010FF, otf="geor", description = "Georgian" },
    ["georgiansupplement"]                         = { first = 0x02D00, last = 0x02D2F, otf="geor", description = "Georgian Supplement" },
    ["glagolitic"]                                 = { first = 0x02C00, last = 0x02C5F, otf="glag", description = "Glagolitic" },
    ["gothic"]                                     = { first = 0x10330, last = 0x1034F, otf="goth", description = "Gothic" },
    ["greekandcoptic"]                             = { first = 0x00370, last = 0x003FF, otf="grek", description = "Greek and Coptic" },
    ["greekextended"]                              = { first = 0x01F00, last = 0x01FFF, otf="grek", description = "Greek Extended" },
    ["gujarati"]                                   = { first = 0x00A80, last = 0x00AFF, otf="gujr", description = "Gujarati" },
    ["gurmukhi"]                                   = { first = 0x00A00, last = 0x00A7F, otf="guru", description = "Gurmukhi" },
    ["halfwidthandfullwidthforms"]                 = { first = 0x0FF00, last = 0x0FFEF,             description = "Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms" },
    ["hangulcompatibilityjamo"]                    = { first = 0x03130, last = 0x0318F, otf="jamo", description = "Hangul Compatibility Jamo" },
    ["hanguljamo"]                                 = { first = 0x01100, last = 0x011FF, otf="jamo", description = "Hangul Jamo" },
    ["hanguljamoextendeda"]                        = { first = 0x0A960, last = 0x0A97F,             description = "Hangul Jamo Extended-A" },
    ["hanguljamoextendedb"]                        = { first = 0x0D7B0, last = 0x0D7FF,             description = "Hangul Jamo Extended-B" },
    ["hangulsyllables"]                            = { first = 0x0AC00, last = 0x0D7AF, otf="hang", description = "Hangul Syllables" },
    ["hanunoo"]                                    = { first = 0x01720, last = 0x0173F, otf="hano", description = "Hanunoo" },
    ["hebrew"]                                     = { first = 0x00590, last = 0x005FF, otf="hebr", description = "Hebrew" },
    ["highprivateusesurrogates"]                   = { first = 0x0DB80, last = 0x0DBFF,             description = "High Private Use Surrogates" },
    ["highsurrogates"]                             = { first = 0x0D800, last = 0x0DB7F,             description = "High Surrogates" },
    ["hiragana"]                                   = { first = 0x03040, last = 0x0309F, otf="kana", description = "Hiragana" },
    ["ideographicdescriptioncharacters"]           = { first = 0x02FF0, last = 0x02FFF,             description = "Ideographic Description Characters" },
    ["imperialaramaic"]                            = { first = 0x10840, last = 0x1085F,             description = "Imperial Aramaic" },
    ["inscriptionalpahlavi"]                       = { first = 0x10B60, last = 0x10B7F,             description = "Inscriptional Pahlavi" },
    ["inscriptionalparthian"]                      = { first = 0x10B40, last = 0x10B5F,             description = "Inscriptional Parthian" },
    ["ipaextensions"]                              = { first = 0x00250, last = 0x002AF,             description = "IPA Extensions" },
    ["javanese"]                                   = { first = 0x0A980, last = 0x0A9DF,             description = "Javanese" },
    ["kaithi"]                                     = { first = 0x11080, last = 0x110CF,             description = "Kaithi" },
    ["kanasupplement"]                             = { first = 0x1B000, last = 0x1B0FF,             description = "Kana Supplement" },
    ["kanbun"]                                     = { first = 0x03190, last = 0x0319F,             description = "Kanbun" },
    ["kangxiradicals"]                             = { first = 0x02F00, last = 0x02FDF,             description = "Kangxi Radicals" },
    ["kannada"]                                    = { first = 0x00C80, last = 0x00CFF, otf="knda", description = "Kannada" },
    ["katakana"]                                   = { first = 0x030A0, last = 0x030FF, otf="kana", description = "Katakana" },
    ["katakanaphoneticextensions"]                 = { first = 0x031F0, last = 0x031FF, otf="kana", description = "Katakana Phonetic Extensions" },
    ["kayahli"]                                    = { first = 0x0A900, last = 0x0A92F,             description = "Kayah Li" },
    ["kharoshthi"]                                 = { first = 0x10A00, last = 0x10A5F, otf="khar", description = "Kharoshthi" },
    ["khmer"]                                      = { first = 0x01780, last = 0x017FF, otf="khmr", description = "Khmer" },
    ["khmersymbols"]                               = { first = 0x019E0, last = 0x019FF, otf="khmr", description = "Khmer Symbols" },
    ["lao"]                                        = { first = 0x00E80, last = 0x00EFF, otf="lao",  description = "Lao" },
    ["latinextendeda"]                             = { first = 0x00100, last = 0x0017F, otf="latn", description = "Latin Extended-A" },
    ["latinextendedadditional"]                    = { first = 0x01E00, last = 0x01EFF, otf="latn", description = "Latin Extended Additional" },
    ["latinextendedb"]                             = { first = 0x00180, last = 0x0024F, otf="latn", description = "Latin Extended-B" },
    ["latinextendedc"]                             = { first = 0x02C60, last = 0x02C7F, otf="latn", description = "Latin Extended-C" },
    ["latinextendedd"]                             = { first = 0x0A720, last = 0x0A7FF, otf="latn", description = "Latin Extended-D" },
    ["latinsupplement"]                            = { first = 0x00080, last = 0x000FF, otf="latn", description = "Latin-1 Supplement" },
    ["lepcha"]                                     = { first = 0x01C00, last = 0x01C4F,             description = "Lepcha" },
    ["letterlikesymbols"]                          = { first = 0x02100, last = 0x0214F,             description = "Letterlike Symbols" },
    ["limbu"]                                      = { first = 0x01900, last = 0x0194F, otf="limb", description = "Limbu" },
    ["linearbideograms"]                           = { first = 0x10080, last = 0x100FF, otf="linb", description = "Linear B Ideograms" },
    ["linearbsyllabary"]                           = { first = 0x10000, last = 0x1007F, otf="linb", description = "Linear B Syllabary" },
    ["lisu"]                                       = { first = 0x0A4D0, last = 0x0A4FF,             description = "Lisu" },
    ["lowsurrogates"]                              = { first = 0x0DC00, last = 0x0DFFF,             description = "Low Surrogates" },
    ["lycian"]                                     = { first = 0x10280, last = 0x1029F,             description = "Lycian" },
    ["lydian"]                                     = { first = 0x10920, last = 0x1093F,             description = "Lydian" },
    ["mahjongtiles"]                               = { first = 0x1F000, last = 0x1F02F,             description = "Mahjong Tiles" },
    ["malayalam"]                                  = { first = 0x00D00, last = 0x00D7F, otf="mlym", description = "Malayalam" },
    ["mandiac"]                                    = { first = 0x00840, last = 0x0085F, otf="mand", description = "Mandaic" },
    ["mathematicalalphanumericsymbols"]            = { first = 0x1D400, last = 0x1D7FF,             description = "Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols" },
    ["mathematicaloperators"]                      = { first = 0x02200, last = 0x022FF,             description = "Mathematical Operators" },
    ["meeteimayek"]                                = { first = 0x0ABC0, last = 0x0ABFF,             description = "Meetei Mayek" },
    ["meeteimayekextensions"]                      = { first = 0x0AAE0, last = 0x0AAFF,             description = "Meetei Mayek Extensions" },
    ["meroiticcursive"]                            = { first = 0x109A0, last = 0x109FF,             description = "Meroitic Cursive" },
    ["meroitichieroglyphs"]                        = { first = 0x10980, last = 0x1099F,             description = "Meroitic Hieroglyphs" },
    ["miao"]                                       = { first = 0x16F00, last = 0x16F9F,             description = "Miao" },
    ["miscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsa"]          = { first = 0x027C0, last = 0x027EF,             description = "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A" },
    ["miscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsb"]          = { first = 0x02980, last = 0x029FF,             description = "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B" },
    ["miscellaneoussymbols"]                       = { first = 0x02600, last = 0x026FF,             description = "Miscellaneous Symbols" },
    ["miscellaneoussymbolsandarrows"]              = { first = 0x02B00, last = 0x02BFF,             description = "Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows" },
    ["miscellaneoussymbolsandpictographs"]         = { first = 0x1F300, last = 0x1F5FF,             description = "Miscellaneous Symbols And Pictographs" },
    ["miscellaneoustechnical"]                     = { first = 0x02300, last = 0x023FF,             description = "Miscellaneous Technical" },
    ["modifiertoneletters"]                        = { first = 0x0A700, last = 0x0A71F,             description = "Modifier Tone Letters" },
    ["mongolian"]                                  = { first = 0x01800, last = 0x018AF, otf="mong", description = "Mongolian" },
    ["musicalsymbols"]                             = { first = 0x1D100, last = 0x1D1FF, otf="musc", description = "Musical Symbols" },
    ["myanmar"]                                    = { first = 0x01000, last = 0x0109F, otf="mymr", description = "Myanmar" },
    ["myanmarextendeda"]                           = { first = 0x0AA60, last = 0x0AA7F,             description = "Myanmar Extended-A" },
    ["newtailue"]                                  = { first = 0x01980, last = 0x019DF,             description = "New Tai Lue" },
    ["nko"]                                        = { first = 0x007C0, last = 0x007FF, otf="nko",  description = "NKo" },
    ["numberforms"]                                = { first = 0x02150, last = 0x0218F,             description = "Number Forms" },
    ["ogham"]                                      = { first = 0x01680, last = 0x0169F, otf="ogam", description = "Ogham" },
    ["olchiki"]                                    = { first = 0x01C50, last = 0x01C7F,             description = "Ol Chiki" },
    ["olditalic"]                                  = { first = 0x10300, last = 0x1032F, otf="ital", description = "Old Italic" },
    ["oldpersian"]                                 = { first = 0x103A0, last = 0x103DF, otf="xpeo", description = "Old Persian" },
    ["oldsoutharabian"]                            = { first = 0x10A60, last = 0x10A7F,             description = "Old South Arabian" },
    ["odlturkic"]                                  = { first = 0x10C00, last = 0x10C4F,             description = "Old Turkic" },
    ["opticalcharacterrecognition"]                = { first = 0x02440, last = 0x0245F,             description = "Optical Character Recognition" },
    ["oriya"]                                      = { first = 0x00B00, last = 0x00B7F, otf="orya", description = "Oriya" },
    ["osmanya"]                                    = { first = 0x10480, last = 0x104AF, otf="osma", description = "Osmanya" },
    ["phagspa"]                                    = { first = 0x0A840, last = 0x0A87F, otf="phag", description = "Phags-pa" },
    ["phaistosdisc"]                               = { first = 0x101D0, last = 0x101FF,             description = "Phaistos Disc" },
    ["phoenician"]                                 = { first = 0x10900, last = 0x1091F, otf="phnx", description = "Phoenician" },
    ["phoneticextensions"]                         = { first = 0x01D00, last = 0x01D7F,             description = "Phonetic Extensions" },
    ["phoneticextensionssupplement"]               = { first = 0x01D80, last = 0x01DBF,             description = "Phonetic Extensions Supplement" },
    ["playingcards"]                               = { first = 0x1F0A0, last = 0x1F0FF,             description = "Playing Cards" },
    ["privateusearea"]                             = { first = 0x0E000, last = 0x0F8FF,             description = "Private Use Area" },
    ["rejang"]                                     = { first = 0x0A930, last = 0x0A95F,             description = "Rejang" },
    ["ruminumeralsymbols"]                         = { first = 0x10E60, last = 0x10E7F,             description = "Rumi Numeral Symbols" },
    ["runic"]                                      = { first = 0x016A0, last = 0x016FF, otf="runr", description = "Runic" },
    ["samaritan"]                                  = { first = 0x00800, last = 0x0083F,             description = "Samaritan" },
    ["saurashtra"]                                 = { first = 0x0A880, last = 0x0A8DF,             description = "Saurashtra" },
    ["sharada"]                                    = { first = 0x11180, last = 0x111DF,             description = "Sharada" },
    ["shavian"]                                    = { first = 0x10450, last = 0x1047F, otf="shaw", description = "Shavian" },
    ["sinhala"]                                    = { first = 0x00D80, last = 0x00DFF, otf="sinh", description = "Sinhala" },
    ["smallformvariants"]                          = { first = 0x0FE50, last = 0x0FE6F,             description = "Small Form Variants" },
    ["sorasompeng"]                                = { first = 0x110D0, last = 0x110FF,             description = "Sora Sompeng" },
    ["spacingmodifierletters"]                     = { first = 0x002B0, last = 0x002FF,             description = "Spacing Modifier Letters" },
    ["specials"]                                   = { first = 0x0FFF0, last = 0x0FFFF,             description = "Specials" },
    ["sundanese"]                                  = { first = 0x01B80, last = 0x01BBF,             description = "Sundanese" },
    ["sundanesesupplement"]                        = { first = 0x01CC0, last = 0x01CCF,             description = "Sundanese Supplement" },
    ["superscriptsandsubscripts"]                  = { first = 0x02070, last = 0x0209F,             description = "Superscripts and Subscripts" },
    ["supplementalarrowsa"]                        = { first = 0x027F0, last = 0x027FF,             description = "Supplemental Arrows-A" },
    ["supplementalarrowsb"]                        = { first = 0x02900, last = 0x0297F,             description = "Supplemental Arrows-B" },
    ["supplementalmathematicaloperators"]          = { first = 0x02A00, last = 0x02AFF,             description = "Supplemental Mathematical Operators" },
    ["supplementalpunctuation"]                    = { first = 0x02E00, last = 0x02E7F,             description = "Supplemental Punctuation" },
    ["supplementaryprivateuseareaa"]               = { first = 0xF0000, last = 0xFFFFF,             description = "Supplementary Private Use Area-A" },
    ["supplementaryprivateuseareab"]               = { first = 0x100000,last = 0x10FFFF,            description = "Supplementary Private Use Area-B" },
    ["sylotinagri"]                                = { first = 0x0A800, last = 0x0A82F, otf="sylo", description = "Syloti Nagri" },
    ["syriac"]                                     = { first = 0x00700, last = 0x0074F, otf="syrc", description = "Syriac" },
    ["tagalog"]                                    = { first = 0x01700, last = 0x0171F, otf="tglg", description = "Tagalog" },
    ["tagbanwa"]                                   = { first = 0x01760, last = 0x0177F, otf="tagb", description = "Tagbanwa" },
    ["tags"]                                       = { first = 0xE0000, last = 0xE007F,             description = "Tags" },
    ["taile"]                                      = { first = 0x01950, last = 0x0197F, otf="tale", description = "Tai Le" },
    ["taitham"]                                    = { first = 0x01A20, last = 0x01AAF,             description = "Tai Tham" },
    ["taiviet"]                                    = { first = 0x0AA80, last = 0x0AADF,             description = "Tai Viet" },
    ["taixuanjingsymbols"]                         = { first = 0x1D300, last = 0x1D35F,             description = "Tai Xuan Jing Symbols" },
    ["takri"]                                      = { first = 0x11680, last = 0x116CF,             description = "Takri" },
    ["tamil"]                                      = { first = 0x00B80, last = 0x00BFF, otf="taml", description = "Tamil" },
    ["telugu"]                                     = { first = 0x00C00, last = 0x00C7F, otf="telu", description = "Telugu" },
    ["thaana"]                                     = { first = 0x00780, last = 0x007BF, otf="thaa", description = "Thaana" },
    ["thai"]                                       = { first = 0x00E00, last = 0x00E7F, otf="thai", description = "Thai" },
    ["tibetan"]                                    = { first = 0x00F00, last = 0x00FFF, otf="tibt", description = "Tibetan" },
    ["tifinagh"]                                   = { first = 0x02D30, last = 0x02D7F, otf="tfng", description = "Tifinagh" },
    ["transportandmapsymbols"]                     = { first = 0x1F680, last = 0x1F6FF,             description = "Transport And Map Symbols" },
    ["ugaritic"]                                   = { first = 0x10380, last = 0x1039F, otf="ugar", description = "Ugaritic" },
    ["unifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabics"]         = { first = 0x01400, last = 0x0167F, otf="cans", description = "Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics" },
    ["unifiedcanadianaboriginalsyllabicsextended"] = { first = 0x018B0, last = 0x018FF,             description = "Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended" },
    ["vai"]                                        = { first = 0x0A500, last = 0x0A63F,             description = "Vai" },
    ["variationselectors"]                         = { first = 0x0FE00, last = 0x0FE0F,             description = "Variation Selectors" },
    ["variationselectorssupplement"]               = { first = 0xE0100, last = 0xE01EF,             description = "Variation Selectors Supplement" },
    ["vedicextensions"]                            = { first = 0x01CD0, last = 0x01CFF,             description = "Vedic Extensions" },
    ["verticalforms"]                              = { first = 0x0FE10, last = 0x0FE1F,             description = "Vertical Forms" },
    ["yijinghexagramsymbols"]                      = { first = 0x04DC0, last = 0x04DFF, otf="yi",   description = "Yijing Hexagram Symbols" },
    ["yiradicals"]                                 = { first = 0x0A490, last = 0x0A4CF, otf="yi",   description = "Yi Radicals" },
    ["yisyllables"]                                = { first = 0x0A000, last = 0x0A48F, otf="yi",   description = "Yi Syllables" },
}

characters.blocks = blocks

function characters.blockrange(name)
    local b = blocks[name]
    if b then
        return b.first, b.last
    else
        return 0, 0
    end
end

setmetatableindex(blocks, function(t,k) -- we could use an intermediate table if called often
    return k and rawget(t,lower(gsub(k,"[^a-zA-Z]","")))
end)

local otfscripts      = utilities.storage.allocate()
characters.otfscripts = otfscripts

setmetatableindex(otfscripts,function(t,unicode)
    for k, v in next, blocks do
        local first, last = v.first, v.last
        if unicode >= first and unicode <= last then
            local script = v.otf or "dflt"
            for u=first,last do
                t[u] = script
            end
            return script
        end
    end
    -- pretty slow when we're here
    t[unicode] = "dflt"
    return "dflt"
end)

function characters.getrange(name) -- used in font fallback definitions (name or range)
    local range = blocks[name]
    if range then
        return range.first, range.last, range.description
    end
    name = gsub(name,'"',"0x") -- goodie: tex hex notation
    local start, stop = match(name,"^(.-)[%-%:](.-)$")
    if start and stop then
        start, stop = tonumber(start,16) or tonumber(start), tonumber(stop,16) or tonumber(stop)
        if start and stop then
            return start, stop, nil
        end
    end
    local slot = tonumber(name,16) or tonumber(name)
    return slot, slot, nil
end

local categorytags = allocate {
    lu = "Letter Uppercase",
    ll = "Letter Lowercase",
    lt = "Letter Titlecase",
    lm = "Letter Modifier",
    lo = "Letter Other",
    mn = "Mark Nonspacing",
    mc = "Mark Spacing Combining",
    me = "Mark Enclosing",
    nd = "Number Decimal Digit",
    nl = "Number Letter",
    no = "Number Other",
    pc = "Punctuation Connector",
    pd = "Punctuation Dash",
    ps = "Punctuation Open",
    pe = "Punctuation Close",
    pi = "Punctuation Initial Quote",
    pf = "Punctuation Final Quote",
    po = "Punctuation Other",
    sm = "Symbol Math",
    sc = "Symbol Currency",
    sk = "Symbol Modifier",
    so = "Symbol Other",
    zs = "Separator Space",
    zl = "Separator Line",
    zp = "Separator Paragraph",
    cc = "Other Control",
    cf = "Other Format",
    cs = "Other Surrogate",
    co = "Other Private Use",
    cn = "Other Not Assigned",
}

characters.categorytags = categorytags

--~ special   : cf (softhyphen) zs (emspace)
--~ characters: ll lm lo lt lu mn nl no pc pd pe pf pi po ps sc sk sm so

local is_character = allocate ( tohash {
    "lu","ll","lt","lm","lo",
    "nd","nl","no",
    "mn",
    "nl","no",
    "pc","pd","ps","pe","pi","pf","po",
    "sm","sc","sk","so"
} )

local is_letter = allocate ( tohash {
    "ll","lm","lo","lt","lu"
} )

local is_command = allocate ( tohash {
    "cf","zs"
} )

local is_spacing = allocate ( tohash {
    "zs", "zl","zp",
} )

local is_mark = allocate ( tohash {
    "mn", "ms",
} )

-- to be redone: store checked characters

characters.is_character = is_character
characters.is_letter    = is_letter
characters.is_command   = is_command
characters.is_spacing   = is_spacing
characters.is_mark      = is_mark

local mt = { -- yes or no ?
    __index = function(t,k)
        if type(k) == "number" then
            local c = data[k].category
            return c and rawget(t,c)
        else
            -- avoid auto conversion in data.characters lookups
        end
    end
}

setmetatableindex(characters.is_character, mt)
setmetatableindex(characters.is_letter,    mt)
setmetatableindex(characters.is_command,   mt)
setmetatableindex(characters.is_spacing,   mt)

-- linebreak: todo: hash
--
-- normative   : BK CR LF CM SG GL CB SP ZW NL WJ JL JV JT H2 H3
-- informative : XX OP CL QU NS EX SY IS PR PO NU AL ID IN HY BB BA SA AI B2 new:CP

-- east asian width:
--
-- N A H W F Na

characters.bidi = allocate {
    l   = "Left-to-Right",
    lre = "Left-to-Right Embedding",
    lro = "Left-to-Right Override",
    r   = "Right-to-Left",
    al  = "Right-to-Left Arabic",
    rle = "Right-to-Left Embedding",
    rlo = "Right-to-Left Override",
    pdf = "Pop Directional Format",
    en  = "European Number",
    es  = "European Number Separator",
    et  = "European Number Terminator",
    an  = "Arabic Number",
    cs  = "Common Number Separator",
    nsm = "Non-Spacing Mark",
    bn  = "Boundary Neutral",
    b   = "Paragraph Separator",
    s   = "Segment Separator",
    ws  = "Whitespace",
    on  = "Other Neutrals",
}

--[[ldx--
<p>At this point we assume that the big data table is loaded. From this
table we derive a few more.</p>
--ldx]]--

if not characters.fallbacks then

    characters.fallbacks = { } -- not than many

    local fallbacks = characters.fallbacks

    for k, d in next, data do
        local specials = d.specials
        if specials and specials[1] == "compat" and specials[2] == 0x0020 then
            local s = specials[3]
            if s then
                fallbacks[k] = s
                fallbacks[s] = k
            end
        end
    end

end

if storage then
    storage.register("characters/fallbacks", characters.fallbacks, "characters.fallbacks") -- accents and such
end

characters.directions  = { }

setmetatableindex(characters.directions,function(t,k)
    local d = data[k]
    if d then
        local v = d.direction
        if v then
            t[k] = v
            return v
        end
    end
    t[k] = false -- maybe 'l'
    return v
end)

--[[ldx--
<p>Next comes a whole series of helper methods. These are (will be) part
of the official <l n='api'/>.</p>
--ldx]]--

-- we could make them virtual: characters.contextnames[n]

function characters.contextname(n) return data[n].contextname or "" end
function characters.adobename  (n) return data[n].adobename   or "" end
function characters.description(n) return data[n].description or "" end
-------- characters.category   (n) return data[n].category    or "" end

function characters.category(n,verbose)
    local c = data[n].category
    if not c then
        return ""
    elseif verbose then
        return categorytags[c]
    else
        return c
    end
end

-- -- some day we will make a table .. not that many calls to utfchar
--
-- local utfchar = utf.char
-- local utfbyte = utf.byte
-- local utfbytes = { }
-- local utfchars = { }
--
-- table.setmetatableindex(utfbytes,function(t,k) local v = utfchar(k) t[k] = v return v end)
-- table.setmetatableindex(utfchars,function(t,k) local v = utfbyte(k) t[k] = v return v end)

local function toutfstring(s)
    if type(s) == "table" then
        return utfchar(unpack(s)) -- concat { utfchar( unpack(s) ) }
    else
        return utfchar(s)
    end
end

utf.tostring = toutfstring

local categories = allocate()  characters.categories = categories -- lazy table

setmetatableindex(categories, function(t,u) if u then local c = data[u] c = c and c.category or u t[u] = c return c end end)

local lccodes = allocate()  characters.lccodes = lccodes -- lazy table
local uccodes = allocate()  characters.uccodes = uccodes -- lazy table
local shcodes = allocate()  characters.shcodes = shcodes -- lazy table
local fscodes = allocate()  characters.fscodes = fscodes -- lazy table

setmetatableindex(lccodes, function(t,u) if u then local c = data[u] c = c and c.lccode or (type(u) == "string" and utfbyte(u)) or u t[u] = c return c end end)
setmetatableindex(uccodes, function(t,u) if u then local c = data[u] c = c and c.uccode or (type(u) == "string" and utfbyte(u)) or u t[u] = c return c end end)
setmetatableindex(shcodes, function(t,u) if u then local c = data[u] c = c and c.shcode or (type(u) == "string" and utfbyte(u)) or u t[u] = c return c end end)
setmetatableindex(fscodes, function(t,u) if u then local c = data[u] c = c and c.fscode or (type(u) == "string" and utfbyte(u)) or u t[u] = c return c end end)

local lcchars = allocate()  characters.lcchars = lcchars -- lazy table
local ucchars = allocate()  characters.ucchars = ucchars -- lazy table
local shchars = allocate()  characters.shchars = shchars -- lazy table
local fschars = allocate()  characters.fschars = fschars -- lazy table

setmetatableindex(lcchars, function(t,u) if u then local c = data[u] c = c and c.lccode c = c and toutfstring(c) or (type(u) == "number" and utfchar(u)) or u t[u] = c return c end end)
setmetatableindex(ucchars, function(t,u) if u then local c = data[u] c = c and c.uccode c = c and toutfstring(c) or (type(u) == "number" and utfchar(u)) or u t[u] = c return c end end)
setmetatableindex(shchars, function(t,u) if u then local c = data[u] c = c and c.shcode c = c and toutfstring(c) or (type(u) == "number" and utfchar(u)) or u t[u] = c return c end end)
setmetatableindex(fschars, function(t,u) if u then local c = data[u] c = c and c.fscode c = c and toutfstring(c) or (type(u) == "number" and utfchar(u)) or u t[u] = c return c end end)

local decomposed = allocate()  characters.decomposed = decomposed   -- lazy table
local specials   = allocate()  characters.specials   = specials     -- lazy table

setmetatableindex(decomposed, function(t,u) -- either a table or false
    if u then
        local c = data[u]
        local s = c and c.decomposed or false -- could fall back to specials
        t[u] = s
        return s
    end
end)

setmetatableindex(specials, function(t,u) -- either a table or false
    if u then
        local c = data[u]
        local s = c and c.specials or false
        t[u] = s
        return s
    end
end)

local specialchars = allocate()  characters.specialchars = specialchars -- lazy table
local descriptions = allocate()  characters.descriptions = descriptions -- lazy table

setmetatableindex(specialchars, function(t,u)
    if u then
        local c = data[u]
        local s = c and c.specials
        if s then
            local tt, ttn = { }, 0
            for i=2,#s do
                local si = s[i]
                local c = data[si]
                if is_letter[c.category] then
                    ttn = ttn + 1
                    tt[ttn] = utfchar(si)
                end
            end
            c = concat(tt)
            t[u] = c
            return c
        else
            if type(u) == "number" then
                u = utfchar(u)
            end
            t[u] = u
            return u
        end
    end
end)

setmetatableindex(descriptions, function(t,k)
    -- 0.05 - 0.10 sec
    for u, c in next, data do
        local d = c.description
        if d then
            d = gsub(d," ","")
            d = lower(d)
            t[d] = u
        end
    end
    local d = rawget(t,k)
    if not d then
        t[k] = k
    end
    return d
end)

function characters.unicodechar(asked)
    local n = tonumber(asked)
    if n then
        return n
    elseif type(asked) == "string" then
        return descriptions[asked] or descriptions[gsub(asked," ","")]
    end
end

-- function characters.lower(str)
--     local new, n = { }, 0
--     for u in utfvalues(str) do
--         n = n + 1
--         new[n] = lcchars[u]
--     end
--     return concat(new)
-- end
--
-- function characters.upper(str)
--     local new, n = { }, 0
--     for u in utfvalues(str) do
--         n = n + 1
--         new[n] = ucchars[u]
--     end
--     return concat(new)
-- end
--
-- function characters.shaped(str)
--     local new, n = { }, 0
--     for u in utfvalues(str) do
--         n = n + 1
--         new[n] = shchars[u]
--     end
--     return concat(new)
-- end

----- tolower = Cs((utf8byte/lcchars)^0)
----- toupper = Cs((utf8byte/ucchars)^0)
----- toshape = Cs((utf8byte/shchars)^0)

local tolower = Cs((utf8char/lcchars)^0)
local toupper = Cs((utf8char/ucchars)^0)
local toshape = Cs((utf8char/shchars)^0)

patterns.tolower = tolower
patterns.toupper = toupper
patterns.toshape = toshape

function characters.lower (str) return lpegmatch(tolower,str) end
function characters.upper (str) return lpegmatch(toupper,str) end
function characters.shaped(str) return lpegmatch(toshape,str) end

function characters.lettered(str,spacing)
    local new, n = { }, 0
    if spacing then
        local done = false
        for u in utfvalues(str) do
            local c = data[u].category
            if is_letter[c] then
                if done and n > 1 then
                    n = n + 1
                    new[n] = " "
                    done = false
                end
                n = n + 1
                new[n] = utfchar(u)
            elseif spacing and is_spacing[c] then
                done = true
            end
        end
    else
        for u in utfvalues(str) do
            if is_letter[data[u].category] then
                n = n + 1
                new[n] = utfchar(u)
            end
        end
    end
    return concat(new)
end

--[[ldx--
<p>Requesting lower and uppercase codes:</p>
--ldx]]--

function characters.uccode(n) return uccodes[n] end -- obsolete
function characters.lccode(n) return lccodes[n] end -- obsolete

function characters.safechar(n)
    local c = data[n]
    if c and c.contextname then
        return "\\" .. c.contextname
    else
        return utfchar(n)
    end
end

function characters.shape(n)
    local shcode = shcodes[n]
    if not shcode then
        return n, nil
    elseif type(shcode) == "table" then
        return shcode[1], shcode[#shcode]
    else
        return shcode, nil
    end
end

-- -- some day we might go this route, but it does not really save that much
-- -- so not now (we can generate a lot using mtx-unicode that operates on the
-- -- database)
--
-- -- category cjkwd direction linebreak
--
-- -- adobename comment contextcommand contextname description fallback lccode
-- -- mathclass mathfiller mathname mathspec mathstretch mathsymbol mirror
-- -- range shcode specials uccode uccodes unicodeslot
--
-- local data = {
--     ['one']={
--         common = {
--             category="cc",
--             direction="bn",
--             linebreak="cm",
--         },
--         vector = {
--             [0x0000] = {
--                 description="NULL",
--                 group='one',
--                 unicodeslot=0x0000,
--             },
--             {
--                 description="START OF HEADING",
--                 group='one',
--                 unicodeslot=0x0001,
--             },
--         }
--     }
-- }
--
-- local chardata, groupdata = { }, { }
--
-- for group, gdata in next, data do
--     local common, vector = { __index = gdata.common }, gdata.vector
--     for character, cdata in next, vector do
--         chardata[character] = cdata
--         setmetatable(cdata,common)
--     end
--     groupdata[group] = gdata
-- end

--~ characters.data, characters.groups = chardata, groupdata

--~  [0xF0000]={
--~   category="co",
--~   cjkwd="a",
--~   description="<Plane 0x000F Private Use, First>",
--~   direction="l",
--~   unicodeslot=0xF0000,
--~  },
--~  [0xFFFFD]={
--~   category="co",
--~   cjkwd="a",
--~   description="<Plane 0x000F Private Use, Last>",
--~   direction="l",
--~   unicodeslot=0xFFFFD,
--~  },
--~  [0x100000]={
--~   category="co",
--~   cjkwd="a",
--~   description="<Plane 0x0010 Private Use, First>",
--~   direction="l",
--~   unicodeslot=0x100000,
--~  },
--~  [0x10FFFD]={
--~   category="co",
--~   cjkwd="a",
--~   description="<Plane 0x0010 Private Use, Last>",
--~   direction="l",
--~   unicodeslot=0x10FFFD,
--~  },

if not characters.superscripts then

    local superscripts = allocate()   characters.superscripts = superscripts
    local subscripts   = allocate()   characters.subscripts   = subscripts

    -- skipping U+02120 (service mark) U+02122 (trademark)

    for k, v in next, data do
        local specials = v.specials
        if specials then
            local what = specials[1]
            if what == "super" then
                if #specials == 2 then
                    superscripts[k] = specials[2]
                else
                    report_defining("ignoring %s %a, char %c, description %a","superscript",ustring(k),k,v.description)
                end
            elseif what == "sub" then
                if #specials == 2 then
                    subscripts[k] = specials[2]
                else
                    report_defining("ignoring %s %a, char %c, description %a","subscript",ustring(k),k,v.description)
                end
            end
        end
    end

 -- print(table.serialize(superscripts, "superscripts", { hexify = true }))
 -- print(table.serialize(subscripts,   "subscripts",   { hexify = true }))

    if storage then
        storage.register("characters/superscripts", superscripts, "characters.superscripts")
        storage.register("characters/subscripts",   subscripts,   "characters.subscripts")
    end

end

-- for the moment only a few

local tracedchars = utilities.strings.tracers

tracedchars[0x00] = "[signal]"
tracedchars[0x20] = "[space]"

-- the following code will move to char-tex.lua

-- tex

if not tex or not context or not commands then return characters end

local tex           = tex
local texsetlccode  = tex.setlccode
local texsetuccode  = tex.setuccode
local texsetsfcode  = tex.setsfcode
local texsetcatcode = tex.setcatcode

local contextsprint = context.sprint
local ctxcatcodes   = catcodes.numbers.ctxcatcodes

--[[ldx--
<p>Instead of using a <l n='tex'/> file to define the named glyphs, we
use the table. After all, we have this information available anyway.</p>
--ldx]]--

function commands.makeactive(n,name) --
    contextsprint(ctxcatcodes,format("\\catcode%s=13\\unexpanded\\def %s{\\%s}",n,utfchar(n),name))
 -- context("\\catcode%s=13\\unexpanded\\def %s{\\%s}",n,utfchar(n),name)
end

function commands.utfchar(c,n)
    if n then
     -- contextsprint(c,charfromnumber(n))
        contextsprint(c,utfchar(n))
    else
     -- contextsprint(charfromnumber(c))
        contextsprint(utfchar(c))
    end
end

function commands.safechar(n)
    local c = data[n]
    if c and c.contextname then
        contextsprint("\\" .. c.contextname) -- context[c.contextname]()
    else
        contextsprint(utfchar(n))
    end
end

tex.uprint = commands.utfchar

local forbidden = tohash { -- at least now
    0x00A0,
    0x2000, 0x2001, 0x2002, 0x2003, 0x2004, 0x2005, 0x2006, 0x2007, 0x2008, 0x2009, 0x200A, 0x200B, 0x200C, 0x200D,
    0x202F,
    0x205F,
 -- 0xFEFF,
}

function characters.define(tobelettered, tobeactivated) -- catcodetables

    if trace_defining then
        report_defining("defining active character commands")
    end

    local activated, a = { }, 0

    for u, chr in next, data do -- these will be commands
        local fallback = chr.fallback
        if fallback then
            contextsprint("{\\catcode",u,"=13\\unexpanded\\gdef ",utfchar(u),"{\\checkedchar{",u,"}{",fallback,"}}}")
            a = a + 1
            activated[a] = u
        else
            local contextname = chr.contextname
            if contextname then
                local category = chr.category
                if is_character[category] then
                    if chr.unicodeslot < 128 then
                        if is_letter[category] then
                            contextsprint(ctxcatcodes,format("\\def\\%s{%s}",contextname,utfchar(u))) -- has no s
                        else
                            contextsprint(ctxcatcodes,format("\\chardef\\%s=%s",contextname,u)) -- has no s
                        end
                    else
                        contextsprint(ctxcatcodes,format("\\def\\%s{%s}",contextname,utfchar(u))) -- has no s
                    end
                elseif is_command[category] and not forbidden[u] then
                    contextsprint("{\\catcode",u,"=13\\unexpanded\\gdef ",utfchar(u),"{\\"..contextname,"}}")
                    a = a + 1
                    activated[a] = u
                end
            end
        end
    end

    if tobelettered then -- shared
        local saved = tex.catcodetable
        for i=1,#tobelettered do
            tex.catcodetable = tobelettered[i]
            if trace_defining then
                report_defining("defining letters (global, shared)")
            end
            for u, chr in next, data do
                if not chr.fallback and is_letter[chr.category] and u >= 128 and u <= 65536 then
                    texsetcatcode(u,11)
                end
                local range = chr.range
                if range then
                    for i=1,range.first,range.last do
                        texsetcatcode(i,11)
                    end
                end
            end
            texsetcatcode(0x200C,11) -- non-joiner
            texsetcatcode(0x200D,11) -- joiner
        end
        tex.catcodetable = saved
    end

    local nofactivated = #tobeactivated
    if tobeactivated and nofactivated > 0 then
        for i=1,nofactivated do
            local u = activated[i]
            if u then
                report_defining("character %U is active in set %a, containing %a",u,data[u].description,tobeactivated)
            end
        end
        local saved = tex.catcodetable
        for i=1,#tobeactivated do
            local vector = tobeactivated[i]
            if trace_defining then
                report_defining("defining %a active characters in vector %a",nofactivated,vector)
            end
            tex.catcodetable = vector
            for i=1,nofactivated do
                local u = activated[i]
                if u then
                    texsetcatcode(u,13)
                end
            end
        end
        tex.catcodetable = saved
    end

end

--[[ldx--
<p>Setting the lccodes is also done in a loop over the data table.</p>
--ldx]]--

local sfmode = "unset" -- unset, traditional, normal

function characters.setcodes()
    if trace_defining then
        report_defining("defining lc and uc codes")
    end
    local traditional = sfstate == "traditional" or sfstate == "unset"
    for code, chr in next, data do
        local cc = chr.category
        if is_letter[cc] then
            local range = chr.range
            if range then
                for i=range.first,range.last do
                    texsetcatcode(i,11) -- letter
                    texsetlccode(i,i,i) -- self self
                end
            else
                local lc, uc = chr.lccode, chr.uccode
                if not lc then
                    chr.lccode, lc = code, code
                elseif type(lc) == "table" then
                    lc = code
                end
                if not uc then
                    chr.uccode, uc = code, code
                elseif type(uc) == "table" then
                    uc = code
                end
                texsetcatcode(code,11)   -- letter
                texsetlccode(code,lc,uc)
                if traditional and cc == "lu" then
                    texsetsfcode(code,999)
                end
            end
        elseif is_mark[cc] then
            texsetlccode(code,code,code) -- for hyphenation
        end
    end
    if traditional then
        sfstate = "traditional"
    end
end

-- If this is something that is not documentwide and used a lot, then we
-- need a more clever approach (trivial but not now).

local function setuppersfcodes(v,n)
    if sfstate ~= "unset" then
        report_defining("setting uppercase sf codes to %a",n)
        for code, chr in next, data do
            if chr.category == "lu" then
                texsetsfcode(code,n)
            end
        end
    end
    sfstate = v
end

directives.register("characters.spaceafteruppercase",function(v)
    if v == "traditional" then
        setuppersfcodes(v,999)
    elseif v == "normal" then
        setuppersfcodes(v,1000)
    end
end)

-- xml

characters.activeoffset = 0x10000 -- there will be remapped in that byte range

function commands.remapentity(chr,slot)
    contextsprint(format("{\\catcode%s=13\\xdef%s{\\string%s}}",slot,utfchar(slot),chr))
end

-- xml.entities = xml.entities or { }
--
-- storage.register("xml/entities",xml.entities,"xml.entities") -- this will move to lxml
--
-- function characters.setmkiventities()
--     local entities = xml.entities
--     entities.lt  = "<"
--     entities.amp = "&"
--     entities.gt  = ">"
-- end
--
-- function characters.setmkiientities()
--     local entities = xml.entities
--     entities.lt  = utfchar(characters.activeoffset + utfbyte("<"))
--     entities.amp = utfchar(characters.activeoffset + utfbyte("&"))
--     entities.gt  = utfchar(characters.activeoffset + utfbyte(">"))
-- end