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| -rw-r--r-- | doc/context/third/transliterator/transliterator.tex | 897 |
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diff --git a/doc/context/third/transliterator/COPYING b/doc/context/third/transliterator/COPYING deleted file mode 100644 index ac0eb7c..0000000 --- a/doc/context/third/transliterator/COPYING +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22 +0,0 @@ -Copyright 2010-2013 Philipp Gesang. All rights reserved. - -Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: - 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, - this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. - - 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright - notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the - documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. - -THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR -IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF -MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO -EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, -INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, -BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, -DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF -LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE -OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF -ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. - diff --git a/doc/context/third/transliterator/transliterator.tex b/doc/context/third/transliterator/transliterator.tex deleted file mode 100644 index d8e392c..0000000 --- a/doc/context/third/transliterator/transliterator.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,897 +0,0 @@ -\setuppapersize [A5] [A5] - -\definecolor [gutenred] [x=bf221f] % rubrication from digitized_Göttingen Gutenberg bible - -\setupinteraction [ - state=start, - color=gutenred, % rubricate, don’t viridificate - contrastcolor=gutenred, -] - -\setupcombinedlist[content][interaction=text,focus=standard] - -\setupindenting[yes,next,medium] - -%\showgrid -\setuphead[chapter][ - align=middle, - number=no, - style={\rm\tfa\setcharacterkerning[capitals]\WORD}, - before={\blank[5*line]}, - after={\blank[2*line,force]} -] - -\setuphead[section][ - align=middle, - number=no, - style={\rm\setcharacterkerning[capitals]\WORD}, - before={\blank[line,force]}, - after={\blank[line]} -] - -\setuphead[subsection][ - align=middle, - number=no, - style={\tf\sc\word}, - before={\blank[line,force]}, - after={\blank[line]} -] - -\setuplist[chapter][ - alternative=c, - interaction=text, - style={\word\sc}, -] -\setuplist[section,subsection][ - alternative=a, - style=\tfx\italic, - interaction=text, - margin=2em, - numberstyle=, - textstyle=, - numberstyle=\tfx, -] - -\setuplist[subsection][ - margin=4em, -] - -\setuplistalternative - -\definecharacterkerning [capitals] [factor=.05] - -\definefontfeature [default][default][ - protrusion=quality, - expansion=quality, - %mode=node, - script=latn, - onum=yes, - %dlig=yes, - liga=yes, -] - -\definefontfeature [smallcaps] [default] [smcp=yes] -\def\sc{\addff{smallcaps}\setcharacterkerning[capitals]} - -\setupbodyfontenvironment [default] [em=italic] - -\starttypescript [serif] [bukyvede] - \setups [font:fallback:serif] - \definefontsynonym [Serif] [name:Bukyvede] [features=default] - \definefontsynonym [SerifItalic] [name:Bukyvede-Italic] [features=default] -\stoptypescript -\usetypescript [bukyvede] -\definetypeface [hlaholice] [rm] [serif] [bukyvede] [default] [encoding=ec] -\definetypeface [cyrilice] [rm] [serif] [bukyvede] [default] [encoding=ec] -\definetypeface [lmstd] [rm] [serif] [latin-modern] [default] [encoding=texnansi] - -\usetypescriptfile[type-cmu] -\usetypescript[computer-modern-unicode] -\setupbodyfont[computer-modern-unicode,9pt] - -\usetypescript [serif] [hz] [highquality] -\setupalign [hanging,hz] - -\usemodule[bib] -\usemodule[transliterator] - -\setupcite[authoryear][compress=no] - -\setuppublications[% - alternative=apa,% - refcommand=authoryear,% - sorttype=bbl,% - numbering=yes,% - autohang=yes% -]% - -\setuppublicationlist[% - artauthor=\invertedauthor% -] - -% == REFERENCES =============================================================== - -\startpublication[ - k=aks, - t=book, - a={{Birnbaum/Schaeken}}, - y=1999, - n=4, - u=http://www.schaeken.nl/lu/research/online/publications/akslstud/index.htm, - s={Studien}, -] -\author[]{Henrik}[H.]{}{Birnbaum} -\author[]{Jos}[J.]{}{Schaeken} -\pubyear{1999} -\title{Altkirchenslavische Studien} -\volume{2} -\city{München} -\stoppublication - -\startpublication[ - k=bornemann, - t=book, - a={{Bornemann/Risch}}, - y=1978, - n=2, - s={Grammatik}, -] -\author[]{Eduard}[]{}{Bornemann} -\author[]{Ernst}[]{}{Risch} -\pubyear{1978} -\title{Griechische Grammatik} -\city{Frankfurt am Main} -\edition{2.} -\stoppublication - -\startpublication[ - k=bh, - t=book, - a={{Bringhurst}}, - y=2008, - n=4, - s={Bringhurst}, -] -\author[]{Robert}[R]{}{Bringhurst} -\pubyear{2008} -\title{The Elements of Typographic Style} -\edition{3.2} -\city{Point Roberts WA, Vancouver} -\stoppublication - -\startpublication[ - k=dintb, - t=book, - a={{DIN}}, - y=2001, - n=5, - s={DIN}, -] -\editor[]{}[]{}{DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.~V.} -\pubyear{2001} -\title{Bibliotheks und Dokumentationswesen} -\city{Berlin/Wien/Zürich} -\stoppublication - -\startpublication[ - k=duden, - t=book, - a={{Drosdowski/Müller/Scholze-Stubenrecht/Wermke}}, - y=1952, - n=1, - s={DUDEN}, -] -\editor[]{Günther}[]{}{Drosdowski} -\editor[]{Wolfgang}[]{}{Müller} -\editor[]{Werner}[]{}{Schulze-Stubenrecht} -\editor[]{Matthias}[]{}{Wermke} -\pubyear{1991} -\title{DUDEN Rechtschreibung der deutschen Sprache} -\city{Mannheim et al} -\edition{20.} -\stoppublication - -\startpublication[ - k=kirschbaum, - t=book, - a={{Kirschbaum}}, - y=2001, - n=3, - s={Grammatik}, -] -\author[]{Ernst Georg}[]{}{Kirschbaum} -\pubyear{2001} -\title{Grammatik der russischen Sprache} -\city{Berlin} -\stoppublication - -\startpublication[ - k=iso, - t=inbook, - a={{ISO}}, - y=1995, - n=6, - s={ISO~9}, -] -\editor[]{}[]{}{{{\sc iso} International Organization for Standardization}} -\pubyear{1995} -\title{Information and documentation -- Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters -- Slavic and non-Slavic languages} -\edition{2.} -\crossref{dintb} -\pages{230--245} -\stoppublication - -%============================================================================== - -\setupframed[ - frame=off, - align=normal, - location=top, -] - -\defineframed[displayouter][ - location=top, - align={normal,verytolerant}, - frame=off, - style=\tfx, -] -\defineframed[displayinner][displayouter][ - offset=1ex, - width=.47\textwidth, -] - -\definenumber[excnt] -\setnumber[excnt][1] - -% This should rather be done using key-value args but I'm too lazy now. -% 1: mode; 2: hyphenate original; 3: hyphenate transliteration; -% 4: font for original; 5: caption; 6: original text. -\def\trlex#1#2#3#4#5#6{% - \setuplocalinterlinespace[line=8pt]% - \startplacefigure [ - location=force, - title={\type{[mode=#1,hyphenate=#3]}\hskip 1em{\italic #5}} - ]% - \displayouter{% - \displayinner{% - \setupbodyfont[#4]% - \tfx - %\setuptolerance[verytolerant, stretch] - \setuptolerance[verytolerant] - \unskip\language[#2]#6\par - }% - \displayinner{% - \tfx - \transliterate[mode=#1,hyphenate=#3]{#6\par}% - } - } - \stopplacefigure - \incrementnumber[excnt]% -} - -\defineframedtext[CenteredText][width=fit,frame=off,align=middle] - -\usemodule[int-load] -\loadsetups[t-transliterator.xml] - - -\setupwhitespace[medium] -\language[en] - -\starttext - -\setuppagenumbering[state=stop] - -\blank[3cm,force] - - -%\showframe -\startstandardmakeup[location=middle] - -\setuplayout[width=middle] -\raggedcenter -\vfill - {\setupbodyfont[19pt] - {\em The} - \blank [2*big] - {\tfc\sc transliterator} - \blank [2*big] - {\em for \CONTEXT} - \blank [9*big] - {\tfa\sc manual} - } -\vfill -\stopstandardmakeup - -\startstandardmakeup -\vfill -\framed [frame=off,topframe=on] {% -\tfxx\ss\setupinterlinespace[small]% -\startlines -The {\em Transliterator} module and mini-manual, -by Philipp Gesang, Radebeul. -Mail any patches or suggestions to - -{\tt philipp -dot- gesang -at- alumni -dot- uni-heidelberg -dot- de} -\useurl[me][https://phi-gamma.net] -\from[me]% -\stoplines -} -\stopstandardmakeup - -\setuppagenumbering[% - location=middle, - state=start, - style=\tfc -] - -\setuppagenumber[number=1] -\completecontent -\chapter{Usage and Functionality} -\section{Overview} -The Transliterator provides two commands: \type{\setuptransliterator} -preferably goes into the preamble and allows for global configuration. -The Transliterator is invoked locally by \type{\transliterate} which does the -actual transliteration of text passages. - -\setup{setuptransliterator} - -\setup{transliterate} - -\section{Loading and Configuring the Module} -In order to use the Transliterator in a document we put the following somewhere before -\type{\starttext}. -\starttyping -\usemodule[transliterator] -\stoptyping -Although it has some defaults already set at this point they will most likely -not correspond to what is needed in the document. -To override the presets we use the command \type{\setuptransliterator[#1]}. -It takes a comma separated list of two key-value pairs: \type{mode} and -\type{hyphenate}. -Through {\em mode} we specify the transliteration method. -By the time of this writing this can be one of the following set: - -\startplacetable[location=top,title=Transliteration modes.] - \tfx - \starttabulate[|l|p|] - \HL - \NC mode \NC description \NC\NR - \HL - \NC \type{all} \NC {\sc iso}~9 complete \NC\NR - \NC \type{bg_de} \NC Bulgarian, German „scientific“ transliteration\NC\NR - \NC \type{gr} \NC transliteration for Greek \NC\NR - \NC \type{gr_n} \NC transliteration for Greek obeying nasalizations \NC\NR - \NC \type{iso9_ocs} \NC == \type{all} plus non-{\sc iso} additions for Old (Church) Slavonic \NC\NR - \NC \type{ocs} \NC “scientific” transliteration for Old (Church) Slavonic\NC\NR - \NC \type{ocs_cz} \NC Czech transcription for Old (Church) Slavonic\NC\NR - \NC \type{ocs_gla} \NC “scientific” transliteration for Old (Church) Slavonic / Glagolitic alphabet\NC\NR - \NC \type{ru} \NC {\sc iso}~9 Russian \NC\NR - \NC \type{ru_cz} \NC Czech transcription for Russian\NC\NR - \NC \type{ru_old} \NC {\sc iso}~9 Russian plus pre-1918 chars (the default)\NC\NR - \NC \type{ru_transcript_de} \NC German transcription for Russian \NC\NR - \NC \type{ru_transcript_en} \NC English transcription for Russian \NC\NR - \NC \type{sr_tocy} \NC Serbian, Latin to Cyrillic \NC\NR - \NC \type{sr_tolt} \NC Serbian, Cyrillic to Latin \NC\NR - \HL - \stoptabulate -\stopplacetable - - -{\em Nota bene}: The description at this point only serves as a placeholder as the -transliteration modes are discussed in detail later in this document. - -Through the \type{hyphenate} argument it is possible to adjust the language -that is used for hyphenation. -Specifying \type{\setuptransliterator[hyphenate=nl]} will let every transliterated -part of the document be processed according to dutch rules, leaving the overall -\type{\language[#1]} configuration unchanged for the rest of the content. - -Another argument, \type{deficient_font} can be used in -combination with the modes \type{all}, \type{ru_old} and -\type{iso9_ocs}. It lets you circumvent the deficiency that some -fonts show concerning the characters that {\sc iso}~9 assigns to -cyrillic “ь” and “ъ”. Set it to {\em true} to enable it. - -The actual transliteration is done using the macro -\type{\transliterate[#1]} \type{{#2}}. -The second argument takes the raw string in the original language that we want -to process, while the first, optional argument accepts local adjustments for -\type{mode} and \type{hyphenate}. -Thus, we would typeset one of Epicuros' sayings like this: -{\setuptolerance[verytolerant] -\starttyping -\transliterate[mode=gr]{κακὸν ἀνάγκη, ἀλλ' οὐδεμία ἀνάγκη ζῆν - μετὰ ἀνάγκης} -\stoptyping -\noindentation which yields \quotation{\transliterate[mode=gr]{κακὸν ἀνάγκη, ἀλλ' οὐδεμία ἀνάγκη ζῆν -μετὰ ἀνάγκης}} in the {\sc pdf} output. -} -Alternatively there is an environment, \type{\starttransliterate[#1]}, as well, -that takes the same arguments. - -There are two special switches for the {\em Serbian} patterns, -\type{hinting} and \type{sr_exceptions}, allowing for a little -more fine-tuning. -If activated, hinting provides the special character “\type{*}” as -a means to indicate positions, where the sequences “lj” and “nj” -are to be treated as separate consonants. -E.~g. \type{\transliterate[mode=sr_tocy]{in*jekcija}} is -correctly transliterated as \transliterate[mode=sr_tocy]{in*jekcija}, -and not \transliterate[mode=sr_tocy,sr_exceptions=no]{injekcija}. -Likewise, further exceptions that are internally represented as -a lookup table can be toggled off or on by the -\type{sr_exceptions} switch. -This pertains to words like “nadživeti” (result: \transliterate[mode=sr_tocy]{nadživeti}) -but may lead to accidental false positives in cases that the -module author didn’t foresee. -By default both hinting and lexical exceptions are set to -\type{yes}. - -For orientation purposes the Transliterator comes with two macros that allow -for closer inspection of the internal tables. -\type{\showOneTranslitTab{#1}} outputs, obviously, a single table; their -identifiers -can be found in the \type{trans_} -\type{tables_*.lua} files in the transliterator -directory. -The lazy alternative is \type{\showTranslitTabs} which prints all registered -tables in a row nicely formatted as indexable sections. -(Be warned, this may take some time.) - -\chapter{Introduction} - -\hfil\framed[width=\hsize,align=left]{% - \inframed[bottomframe=on]{\it What's all this, then?} - \blank[medium] - {\sc Graham Chapman} -} -\blank[2*big] - -\noindentation At the first glance, {\em transliteration} -- the accurate representation of letters from one -alphabet in another -- seems obsolete after the advent of Unicode -which made its way even into \TeX\ lately. -Why not just go on and write down everything in the original script? -But still there are lots of situations where transliteration is desirable, -e.~g. some scholarly habits might prescribe it in the main text with citations in -footnotes left in the original alphabet; or transliteration might alleviate -comparison within one language that happens to be written in different scripts; -finally, including text in a foreign script might be impossible if there is no -appropriate font which fits the main text. -However, it is still most convenient for the writer to keep the -untransliterated original in the document source as this allows for reusing it in -another context where different transliterations rules might apply. -The Transliterator module is meant to provide both: have the original in the -source and a transliteration only in the final document. - -Another way of handling foreign languages is {\em transcription}. -It aims at producing some representation that does not rely on symbolisms -alien to the language and thus to be at least \quotation{pronouncable} -without further know\-ledge. -As transcription methods are language specific and highly idiosyncratic they -complicate the restoration of the original phrase because information may be lost. -The Transliterator provides means of transcription as well but in most cases -you should refrain from using them (\type{[mode=ru_transcript_en]}, -\type{[mode=ru_transcript_de]}). - -For Cyrillic scripts the best quality is achieved using the standardized -transliteration according to {\sc iso~9}.\footnote{\cite[authoryear][iso].} -This method not only covers all contemporary languages that are written in -a variety of Cyrillic but provides a bijective mapping on latin characters as -well. -Consequently, you can unambiguously revert the transliteration into -its original form which was impossible with previous versions of {\sc -iso}~9 because -they contained several exceptions depending on the original language. -Although fifteen years old it has not yet made its way into scholarly -publications at large so it might not immediately look familiar.\footnote{ - A hasty glance at the latest issues of around 20~journals in a local library - revealed that 2~of them actually are using {\sc iso}~9, these are {\em Przegląd - wschodni} as of Nr. X, 3 (2008) and {\em Kwartalnik historyczny} as of CXVI, - 3 (2009); the latter even contains a table on p.~218 showing a subset of the - {\sc iso}~9 transliteration rules. -} -The diacritics are not identical to the \quotation{scientific} -transliteration used in Slavic studies but as long as your editor does not -enforce its traditional method you should always prefer {\sc iso}~9 -(\type{[mode=ru]}, \type{[mode=ru_old]}, \type{[mode=all]}). - -But {\sc iso}~9, too, has its shortcomings. -It has no definitions for historical forms of the cyrillic script like -pre-XVIII-century Russian and Old (Church) Slavonic while those are covered by -the scholarly transliterations. -To amend the situation the Transliterator provides an extension to {\sc -iso}~9 for -Old Slavonic containing the glyphs -\startluacode -local translit = thirddata.translit -environment.loadluafile("trans_tables_scntfc") -local cnt, len = 0, 0 -for i,j in pairs(translit.ocs_add_low) do - len = len + 1 -end - -for k,v in pairs(translit.ocs_add_low) do - cnt = cnt + 1 - context.bgroup() - context.setupbodyfont({"cyrilice"}) - context(k) - context.egroup() - if cnt < len -1 then - context(", ") - elseif cnt < len then - context("\\ and ") - end -end -\stopluacode -\ taken from the scientific transliteration (\type{[mode=iso9_ocs]}). -If you prefer more coherency you might want to use pure \quotation{scientific} -transliteration (\type{[mode=ocs]}). -This method is complemented by \type{[mode=ocs_gla]}, the only option the -Transliterator offers for the Glagolitic alphabet; they can be used consistently -along each other as they were taken from the same -book.\footnote{\cite[authoryear][aks] p.~77 \cite[url][aks].} - -As far as I know there is no standardized transliteration for Greek so I had to -resort to the one that is used in scholarly literature. -Its main drawback is that it has no representation for diacritics apart from -(rough) breathing, but it respects specific rules for diphthongs and vowels in -initial positions (\type{[mode=gr]}). -There is one alternative mode for those who prefer their {\em γ} phonetically -resolved to /{\em n}/ before velars ({\em γ}, {\em κ}, {\em χ} and {\em ξ}; -\type{[mode=gr_n]}). - -Concerning the hyphenation within transliterated passages the default is set to -to \type{[hyphenate=cs]} (Czech) which produces reasonable results when using -\type{all}, \type{iso9_ocs} or \type{ru_cz}. -For stuff like the English and German transcription use their respective native -hyphenation.\footnote{% - You'll have to specify this through \type{\setuptransliterator} - or locally because the default hyphenation is {\em not} the same as your - documents'. -} -However, as there is no hyphenation pattern I know of that closely resembles the -transliteration of Greek you might have to resort to putting \type{\discretionary} -hyphens when line breaking does not satisfy. - -The Transliterator as a whole is nothing more than a bunch of dictionaries -containing substitution rules for tokens that may occur in the text. -These tokens may be single characters or strings of more than one character. -As there is no simple way to impose order onto those dictionaries the rules for -one transliteration method are, if needed, distributed over more than one table -which will be applied successively to ensure that multi-character rules -are processed first. - - -\setupfloats[spacebefore=small,spaceafter=small] -\startplacetable[location=left,title={ - Processing time for corpus {\language[cs]Evgenij Onegin} according to - GNU time(1) and the \CONTEXT\ stats. -}] - \starttabulate[|l|cg(.)|cg(.)|] - \HL%····················································% - \NC mode \NC time(1) in $s$ \NC \CONTEXT \NC \NR - \NC <none> \NC 8.98 \NC 8.82 \NC \NR - \NC \type{all} \NC 8.37 \NC 8.25 \NC \NR - \NC \type{ru_cz} \NC 8.61 \NC 8.48 \NC \NR - \NC \type{ru_transcript_en} \NC 9.26 \NC 9.10 \NC \NR - \NC \type{ru_transcript_de} \NC 14.83 \NC 14.71 \NC \NR - \HL%····················································% - \stoptabulate -\stopplacetable -\setuptolerance[tolerant] -Following suggestions from the mailing list, the Transliterator uses {\em LPeg} -when substituting. -This means a huge speed improvement for most substitution modes when compared -to the older mechanism that used \type{string.gsub} iteratively. -In ordinary use when transliterating single words or short phrases the -Transliterator should have little impact on document processing time at large, -with the exception of the German transcription mode, perhaps.\footnote{ - The problem lies within the rule set for the German transcription which - dictates different instructions depending on the environment of a character; - these may conflict, i.~e. it is impossible to substitute a character stream - in a single run as some rules may apply only to the result of previous rule. - Let me know if there's a way to tell LPeg to backtrack to the last character - of a match and not to continue on the next. -} -Transliterating (and typesetting in MKIV) \transliterate{Александр Пушкин}'s verse novel -\transliterate{Евгений Онегин}, a corpus of about 27000 words, in -\type{[mode=all]} shows little to no delay at all. -In fact, typesetting cyrillic letters with russian hyphenation seems slow -things down so much that transliteration may be faster and uses slightly less -memory.\footnote{% - On an IBM T43: \tt 2.6.32-ARCH \#1 SMP PREEMPT Tue Feb 9 14:46:08 UTC 2010 - i686 Intel(R) Pentium(R) M processor 1.60GHz GenuineIntel GNU/Linux. -} - - - - -\chapter[ex]{Examples} -\section{Cyrillic scripts} -\subsection{{\sc iso}~9 and derivatives} - -Several transliteration rules are either strictly {\sc iso}~9 compliant -(\type{ru}, \type{ru_old}, \type{all}) or contain {\sc iso}~9 as a -subset (\type{iso9_ocs}).\footnote{% - Unfortunately \CONTEXT\ still lacks language files for some of them - so please excuse the inadequate hyphenation in these cases.% -} - -\trlex{ru}{ru}{cs}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - Transliteration rules for the contemporary russian alphabet.% -}{% - В~ворота гостиницы губернского города NN въехала довольно красивая рессорная - небольшая бричка, в~какой ездят холостяки: отставные подполковники, - штабс-капитаны, помещики, имеющие около сотни душ крестьян, — словом, все те, - которых называют господами средней руки. - В~бричке сидел господин, не красавец, но и~не дурной наружности, ни слишком - толст, ни слишком тонок; нельзя сказать, чтобы стар, однако ж~и~не так чтобы - слишком молод. -} - -\trlex{ru_old}{ru}{cs}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - With aditional characters for pre-1981 Russian orthography (100~per - cent {\sc iso}~9).% -}{% - А~сведется віра, убьютъ сотцкого в~селѣ, ино тебѣ взяти полтіна, а~не - сотцкого, - ино четырѣ гривны, а~намъ віръ не таити в~Новѣгородѣ; а~о~убіствѣ віръ нѣтъ. - А~что волости, честны король, новгородцкіе, ино тебѣ не держати своими мужи, - а~держати мужми новогородцкими. - А~что пошлина в~Торжку и~на Волоцѣ, тівунъ свои держати на своеи чясті, - а~Новугороду на своеи чясти посадника держаті. - А~се волости новогородцкіе: Волокъ со всѣми волостми, Торжокъ, Бѣжіці, - Городець - Палець, Шіпинъ, Мелеця, Егна, Заволочье, Тиръ, Пермь, Печера, Югра, Вологда - с~волостмі. -} - -\trlex{all}{ru}{cs}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - The complete cyrillic mapping from {\sc iso}~9; transliterating Belarusian.% -}{% - Беларуская мова, мова беларусаў, уваходзіць у~сям’ю індаеўрапейскіх моў, яе - славянскай групы і~ўсходнеславянскіх моваў падгрупы, на якой размаўляюць - у~Беларусі і~па ўсім свеце, галоўным чынам у~Расіі, Украіне, Польшчы. - Б.~м. падзяляе шмат граматычных і~лексічных уласцівасцяў з~іншымі - ўсходнеславянскімі мовамі (гл. таксама: Іншыя назвы беларускай мовы і~Узаемныя - ўплывы усходнеславянскіх моваў). -} - -\trlex{all}{uk}{cs}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - The complete cyrillic mapping from {\sc iso}~9; transliterating Ukrainian.% -}{% - Украї́нська мова (застарілі назви -- руська мова, проста мова […]) -- - слов'янська мова, державна в~Україні та одна з~трьох «офіційних мов на рівних - засадах» у~не\-ви\-зна\-ній Придністровській Молдавській Республіці. - За різними оцінками загалом у~світі українською мовою говорить від 41~млн. - до 45~млн. осіб, вона входить до третього десятка найпоширеніших мов - світу. -} - -\trlex{all}{ru}{cs}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - The complete cyrillic mapping from {\sc iso}~9; transliterating Serbian.% -}{% - Српски језик је један од словенских језика из породице индоевропских језика. - Први писани споменици у~српској редакцији старословенског језика потичу из XI - и~XII века. - Српски језик је стандардни језик у~службеној употреби у~Србији, Босни - и~Херцеговини и~Црној Гори, а~у~употреби је и~у другим земљама гдје живе - Срби, међу осталима и~у~Хрватској. -} - -\trlex{iso9_ocs}{ru}{cs}{cyrilice}{% - Transliteration rules according to {\sc iso}~9 with additions for Old (Church) - Slavonic.% -}{% - Что сѧ дѣѥтѣ по вѣремьнемь~: то ѿидето по вѣрьмьнемь~: приказано бѹдѣте - добрымъ людѣмъ~: а любо грамотою ѹтвѣрдѧть~: како то бѹдѣте всемъ вѣдомъ~: - или кто посль живыи ѡстанѣть сѧ~: того лѣт͠ коли алъбрахтъ~: влд͠ка ризкии - ѹмьрлъ~: ѹздѹмалъ кнѧзѣ смольнескыи~: мьстиславъ~: двд͠въ сн͠ъ~: прислалъ въ - ригѹ своѥго лѹчьшего попа~: ѥрьмея~: и съ нимь ѹмьна мѹжа пантелья~: - исвоѥго горда смольнеска~: та два была послъмь ѹ ризѣ~: из ригы ѥхали на - гочкыи берьго~: тамо твердити миръ~: -} - -\subsection{“Scientific” transliteration} -These transliterations are widely used among scholars, mainly linguists and, to -a lesser extent, historians. -They comprise large character sets in order to represent the original text -adequately and facilitate comparison of texts of the same language written in -different scripts; they are not, however, as easily reversible as {\sc -iso}~9. - -\trlex{ocs}{ru}{cs}{cyrilice}{% - Transliteration for Old Slavonic used in Slavic studies, taken from the - excellent book of \cite [authoryear][aks].\footnote{% - This one and both of the following Czech transliterations, although - elegantly dealing with hard and weak signs by taking characters from the - Cyrillic alphabet, are not unquestioned from a typographical point of - view: - \quotation{If contrasting faces are used for phonetic transcriptions and - main text, each entire phonetic word or passage, not just the individual - phonetic characters, should be set in the chosen phonetic face. Patchwork - typography, in which the letters of a single word come from different faces - and fonts, is a sign of typographic failure. […] - Such mixtures are almost sure to fail unless all the fonts involved have - been designed as a single family.} - (\cite [authoryear][bh]) - From this follows that it is advisably to reconsider your font whether it indeed - provides the needed glyphs from Russian as well. - }% -}{% - Се начнемъ повѣсть сию. - По потопѣ . первиє снве Ноєви . раздѣлиша землю . Симъ . Хамъ . Афетъ . и~ꙗсѧ - въстокъ . Симови Персида . Ватрь . тоже и~до Индикиꙗ в~долготу и~в~ширину [и - до Нирокоуриа] ꙗкоже рещи ѿ въстока и~до полуденьꙗ . и~Суриꙗ . - и~Индиа по Єфратъ рѣку . Вавилонъ . Кордуна . Асурѧне . Мисопотамира . - Аравиꙗ . старѣишаꙗ . Єлмаисъ . Инди . Равиꙗ . на всѧ Д. -} - -\trlex{ru_cz}{ru}{cs}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - Czech phonetic transcription for contemporary Russian.% -}{% - Прошло семь лет после 12-го года. Взволнованное историческое море Европы - улеглось в свои берега. Оно казалось затихшим; но таинственные силы, - двигающие человечество (таинственные потому, что законы, определяющие их - движение, неизвестны нам), продолжали свое действие. - Несмотря на то, что поверхность исторического моря казалась неподвижною, так - же непрерывно, как движение времени, двигалось человечество. Слагались, - разлагались различные группы людских сцеплений; подготовлялись причины - образования и~разложения государств, перемещений народов.% -} - -\trlex{ocs_cz}{ru}{cs}{cyrilice}{% - Czech phonetic transcription for Old Slavonic (superset of the corresponding - Russian transcription). -}{% - Убьеть мужь мужа, то мьстить брату брата, или сынови отца, любо отцю сына, - или братучаду, любо сестрину сынови; аще не будеть кто мьстіѧ, то 40 гривенъ - ꙁа голову; аще будеть русинъ, любо гридинъ, любо купчина, любо іѧбетник, любо - мечникъ, аще иꙁъгои будеть, любо словенинъ, то 40 гривенъ положити ꙁа нь. -} - -\subsection{Serbian} -The tables for converting Serbian text between Cyrillic and Latin -alphabets are \type{sr_tolt} and \type{sr_tocy}. -\trlex{sr_tolt}{sr}{hr}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - Transliteration ћирилица \rightarrow\ латиница.% -}{% - Српски језик је један од словенских језика из породице - индоевропских језика. Први писани споменици у српској редакцији - старословенског језика потичу из XI и XII века. - - Српски језик је стандардни језик у службеној употреби у Србији, - Босни и Херцеговини и Црној Гори, а у употреби је и у другим - земљама где живе Срби, међу осталима и у Хрватској.% -} - -\trlex{sr_tocy}{hr}{sr}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - Transliteration latinica \rightarrow\ ćirilica.% -}{% - Srpski jezik je jedan od slovenskih jezika iz porodice - indoevropskih jezika. Prvi pisani spomenici u srpskoj - redakciji staroslovenskog jezika potiču iz XI i XII veka. - - Srpski jezik je standardni jezik u službenoj upotrebi u Srbiji, - Bosni i Hercegovini i Crnoj Gori, a u upotrebi je i u drugim - zemljama gde žive Srbi, među ostalima i u Hrvatskoj.% -} - -\subsection{Bulgarian} - -\trlex{bg_de}{bg}{cs}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - German scientific transliteration for Bulgarian (based on old {\sc - iso}~9 standard).% -}{% - Българският език е индоевропейски език от групата на - южнославянските езици. Той е официалният език на Република - България и един от 23-те официални езика на Европейския съюз. -} - -\subsection{Legacy national transcriptions} -At the moment there are tables for “old school” transcription into three -languages: English (via \type{ru_transcript_en}), German -(\type{ru_transcript_de}) and Czech (\type{ocs_cz}). -At least the German one is almost unreadable if used with -strings longer than two words. -As we have the bijective {\sc iso}~9 mapping at hand there should be no reason at all -to use any of them. - -\trlex{ru_transcript_en}{ru}{en}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - English transcription for contemporary Russian.% -}{% - Прошло семь лет после 12-го года. Взволнованное историческое море Европы - улеглось в свои берега. Оно казалось затихшим; но таинственные силы, - двигающие человечество (таинственные потому, что законы, определяющие их - движение, неизвестны нам), продолжали свое действие. - Несмотря на то, что поверхность исторического моря казалась неподвижною, так - же непрерывно, как движение времени, двигалось человечество. Слагались, - разлагались различные группы людских сцеплений; подготовлялись причины - образования и~разложения государств, перемещений народов.% -} - -\trlex{ru_transcript_de}{ru}{deo}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - German transcription for contemporary Russian.\footnote{% - Following \cite[authoryear][duden] p.~82; all the canonical rules are - implemented save one: {\em -его} and {\em -ого} should resolve to {\em - -ewo} and {\em -owo} respectively iff genitive endings. - As this is a grammatical rather than graphetical criterion writing a - substitution algorithm would amount to do natural language parsing. - To make things worse this rule is phonetically confused as it would not - take care of other contexts where {\em г} in those patterns is articulated - as /{\em v}/ like for instance in {\em сегодня} (which is a historical - genitive, though …). - So even if this could be implemented it would not be advisable to use such - a rule.% - }% -}{% - Прошло семь лет после 12-го года. Взволнованное историческое море Европы - улеглось в свои берега. Оно казалось затихшим; но таинственные силы, - двигающие человечество (таинственные потому, что законы, определяющие их - движение, неизвестны нам), продолжали свое действие. - Несмотря на то, что поверхность исторического моря казалась неподвижною, так - же непрерывно, как движение времени, двигалось человечество. Слагались, - разлагались различные группы людских сцеплений; подготовлялись причины - образования и~разложения государств, перемещений народов.% -} - -\section{Glagolitic} -\trlex{ocs_gla}{ru}{cs}{hlaholice}{% - “Scientific” transliteration for Old Slavonic written in the Glagolitic - alphabet as used in \cite[authoryear][aks].% -}{% - [ⰲⰾ] - ⰰⰴⱏⰻⰽⱁ ⱍⰽ҃ⱏ ⱄⰻ ⱈⱁⱋⰵⱅⱏ ⱃⰰⰸ[ⱁⱃⰻⱅ] - ⰻ ⰸⰰⰽⱁⱀⱏ ⰿⰰⱀⰰⱄⱅⱏⰻⱃⱏⱄⰽⰻ: [ⰻⰶⰵ] - ⱅⱏⰻ ⱆⱄⱅⰰⰲⰻ჻ Ⱃⰵⱍⰵ ⰶⰵ ⰻⰳⱆⰿ[ⱏ] [ⱀⱏ] - ⰽⰰⰽⱁ ⱈⱁⱋⰵⱅⱏ ⱃⰰⰸⱁⱃⰻⱅⰻ ⰸⰰⰽ[ⱁⱀⱏ] - [.] [ⰰ] ⰵⱄⱅⱏ· ⱍⱃⱏⰲⰻ⁖ ⰻ [ⰿ] [..........] - [..] ⰿⱏ ⱀⰵ ⰿⱁⰶⰵⰿⱏ ⱄⰵⰳⱁ ⱅⱃⱏⱂⱑⱅ[ⰻ] - [ⰴⰰ] ⰾⱆⰱⱁ ⱄⰵⰳⱁ ⰻⰿⱑⰻ ⱄⱏⰴⱑ჻ ⰰ ⰿⱏⰻ ⱁ - [ⱅⰻ]ⰴⰵⰿⱏ: ⰾⱆⰱⱁ ⱄⰵⰳⱁ ⱂⱆⱄⱅⰻ: ⰴⰰ ⱁⱅ - [ⰻⰴ]ⰵⱅⱏ ⰻⰶⰵ ⰵⱄⱅⱏ ⱂⱃⰻⱎⱏⰾⱏ: ⱄ[ⰵ] -} - -\section{Greek} -The Transliterator offers two modes for handling Greek: \type{gr} and -\type{gr_n}. -They differ only on one aspect. -\type{gr} transliterates the canonical Greek alphabet as well as the -special glyphs Digamma, Quoppa and Sampi. -\type{gr_n} behaves exactly the same way except that nasalization is observed -such that \type{γ+[γ|κ]} yields \type{n+[g|k]}. - -\trlex{gr}{agr}{de}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - Transliteration for Greek -- standard. -}{% - οἴνῳ δὲ κάρτα προσκέαται, καί σφι οὐκ ἐμέσαι ἔξεστι, οὐκὶ οὐρῆσαι ἀντίον - ἄλλου. - ταῦτα μέν νυν οὕτω φυλάσσεται, μεθυσκόμενοι δὲ ἐώθασι βουλεύεσθαι τὰ - σπουδαιέστατα τῶν πρηγμάτων: τὸ δ᾽ ἂν ἅδῃ σφι βουλευομένοισι, τοῦτο τῇ - ὑστεραίῃ νήφουσι προτιθεῖ ὁ στέγαρχος, ἐν τοῦ ἂν ἐόντες βουλεύωνται, καὶ ἢν - μὲν - ἅδῃ καὶ νήφουσι, χρέωνται αὐτῷ, ἢν δὲμὴ ἅδῃ, μετιεῖσι. τὰ δ᾽ ἂν νήφοντες - προβουλεύσωνται, μεθυσκόμενοι ἐπιδιαγινώσκουσι. -}% - -\trlex{gr_n}{agr}{de}{computer-modern-unicode}{% - Transliteration for Greek -- alternative respecting nasalization. -}{% - ταῦτα καὶ νεωτέρῳ καὶ πρεσβυτέρῳ ὅτῳ ἂν ἐντυγχάνω ποιήσω, καὶ ξένῳ καὶ ἀστῷ, - μᾶλλον δὲ τοῖς ἀστοῖς, ὅσῳ μου ἐγγυτέρω ἐστὲ γένει. -}% - - -\chapter{References} -%\cite[authoryear][iso] -\nocite[duden] -\nocite[bornemann] -\nocite[kirschbaum] -\nocite[iso] -\nocite[aks] -\nocite[dintb] -\placepublications [criterium=all] - -\stoptext -% vim:ft=context |